* Merge `wasmtime-jit` and `wasmtime-profiling`
This commit merges the `wasmtime-profiling` crate into the
`wasmtime-jit` crate. It wasn't really buying a ton being a separate
crate and an upcoming refactoring I'd like to do is to remove the
`FinishedFunctions` structure. To enable the profilers to work as they
used to this commit changes them to pass `CompiledModule` as the
argument, but this only works if the profiling trait can see the
`CompiledModule` type.
* Fix a length calculation
This refactoring primarily removes the dependency of the gdbjit image
creation on the `finished_functions` array, which shouldn't be necessary
given the input object being passed in since information can be read
from the object instead. Additionally, though, this commit also removes
all `unsafe` from the file, relying on various tools in the `object`
crate to parse the internals and update various fields.
* Replace some cfg(debug) with cfg(debug_assertions)
Cargo nor rustc ever sets `cfg(debug)` automatically, so it's expected
that these usages were intended to be `cfg(debug_assertions)`.
* Fix MachBuffer debug-assertion invariant checks.
We should only check invariants when we expect them to be true --
specifically, before the branch-simplification algorithm runs. At other
times, they may be temporarily violated: e.g., after
`add_{cond,uncond}_branch()` but before emitting the branch bytes. This
is the expected sequence, and the rest of the code is consistent with
that.
Some of the checks also were not quite right (w.r.t. the written
invariants); specifically, we should not check validity of a label's
offset when the label has been aliased to another label.
It seems that this is an unfortunate consequence of leftover
debug-assertions that weren't actually being run, so weren't kept
up-to-date. Should no longer happen now that we actually check these!
Co-authored-by: Chris Fallin <chris@cfallin.org>
In #3231 the wasm data sections were moved from the
`wasmtime_environ::Module` structure into the `CompilationArtifacts`.
Each `wasmtime_runtime::Instance` holds raw pointers into the data
section owned by the compilation artifacts under the assumption that the
runtime keeps the artifacts alive while the module is in use. Data is
needed beyond original initialization for `memory.init` instructions as
well as lazy-initialization with the `uffd` feature.
The intention of #3231 was that all `CompiledModule` structures, which
own `CompilationArtifacts` were owned by a store's `ModuleRegistry`, so
this was already taken care of. It turns out, however, that empty
modules which contain no functions are not held within a
`ModuleRegistry` since there was no need prior to retain them. This
commit remedies this mistake by retaining the `CompiledModule`
structure, even if there aren't any functions compiled in.
This should unblock #3235 and fixes the spurious error found there. The
test here, at least on Linux, will deterministically reproduce the error
before this commit since `uffd` was initializing wasm memory with free'd
host memory.
* Implement `Extractlane`, `UaddSat`, and `UsubSat` for Cranelift interpreter
Implemented the `Extractlane`, `UaddSat`, and `UsubSat` opcodes for the interpreter,
and added helper functions for working with SIMD vectors (`extractlanes`, `vectorizelanes`,
and `binary_arith`).
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Re-use tests + constrict Vector assert
- Re-use interpreter tests as runtests where supported.
- Constrict Vector assertion.
- Code style adjustments following feedback.
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Runtest `i32x4` vectors on AArch64; add `i64x2` tests
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Add `simd-` prefix to test filenames
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Return aliased `SmallVec` from `extractlanes`
Using a `SmallVec<[i128; 4]>` allows larger-width 128-bit vectors
(`i32x4`, `i64x2`, ...) to not cause heap allocations.
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Accept slice to `vectorizelanes` rather than `Vec`
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited
* Move wasm data/debuginfo into the ELF compilation image
This commit moves existing allocations of `Box<[u8]>` stored separately
from compilation's final ELF image into the ELF image itself. The goal
of this commit is to reduce the amount of data which `bincode` will need
to process in the future. DWARF debugging information and wasm data
segments can be quite large, and they're relatively rarely read, so
there's typically no need to copy them around. Instead by moving them
into the ELF image this opens up the opportunity in the future to
eliminate copies and use data directly as-found in the image itself.
For information accessed possibly-multiple times, such as the wasm data
ranges, the indexes of the data within the ELF image are computed when
a `CompiledModule` is created. These indexes are then used to directly
index into the image without having to root around in the ELF file each
time they're accessed.
One other change located here is that the symbolication context
previously cloned the debug information into it to adhere to the
`'static` lifetime safely, but this isn't actually ever used in
`wasmtime` right now so the unsafety around this has been removed and
instead borrowed data is returned (no more clones, yay!).
* Fix lightbeam
* Reduce indentation in `to_paged`
Use a few early-returns from `match` to avoid lots of extra indentation.
* Move wasm data sections out of `wasmtime_environ::Module`
This is the first step down the road of #3230. The long-term goal is
that `Module` is always `bincode`-decoded, but wasm data segments are a
possibly very-large portion of this residing in modules which we don't
want to shove through bincode. This refactors the internals of wasmtime
to be ok with this data living separately from the `Module` itself,
providing access at necessary locations.
Wasm data segments are now extracted from a wasm module and
concatenated directly. Data sections then describe ranges within this
concatenated list of data, and passive data works the same way. This
implementation does not lend itself to eventually optimizing the case
where passive data is dropped and no longer needed. That's left for a
future PR.
This commit removes the unsafety present in the `link_module` function
by bounds-checking all relocations that we apply, using utilities from
the `object` crate for convenience. This isn't intended to have any
actual functional change, just ideally improving the safety a bit here
in the case of future bugs.
* cranelift: Add stack support to the interpreter
We also change the approach for heap loads and stores.
Previously we would use the offset as the address to the heap. However,
this approach does not allow using the load/store instructions to
read/write from both the heap and the stack.
This commit changes the addressing mechanism of the interpreter. We now
return the real addresses from the addressing instructions
(stack_addr/heap_addr), and instead check if the address passed into
the load/store instructions points to an area in the heap or the stack.
* cranelift: Add virtual addresses to cranelift interpreter
Adds a Virtual Addressing scheme that was discussed as a better
alternative to returning the real addresses.
The virtual addresses are split into 4 regions (stack, heap, tables and
global values), and the address itself is composed of an `entry` field
and an `offset` field. In general the `entry` field corresponds to the
instance of the resource (e.g. table5 is entry 5) and the `offset` field
is a byte offset inside that entry.
There is one exception to this which is the stack, where due to only
having one stack, the whole address is an offset field.
The number of bits in entry vs offset fields is variable with respect to
the `region` and the address size (32bits vs 64bits). This is done
because with 32 bit addresses we would have to compromise on heap size,
or have a small number of global values / tables. With 64 bit addresses
we do not have to compromise on this, but we need to support 32 bit
addresses.
* cranelift: Remove interpreter trap codes
* cranelift: Calculate frame_offset when entering or exiting a frame
* cranelift: Add safe read/write interface to DataValue
* cranelift: DataValue write full 128bit slot for booleans
* cranelift: Use DataValue accessors for trampoline.
* cranelift: Add heap support to filetest infrastructure
* cranelift: Explicit heap pointer placement in filetest annotations
* cranelift: Add documentation about the Heap directive
* cranelift: Clarify that heap filetests pointers must be laid out sequentially
* cranelift: Use wrapping add when computing bound pointer
* cranelift: Better error messages when invalid signatures are found for heap file tests.
* Fix determinism of compiled modules
Currently wasmtime's compilation artifacts are not deterministic due to
the usage of `HashMap` during serialization which has randomized order
of its elements. This commit fixes that by switching to a sorted
`BTreeMap` for various maps. A test is also added to ensure determinism.
If in the future the performance of `BTreeMap` is not as good as
`HashMap` for some of these cases we can implement a fancier
`serialize_with`-style solution where we sort keys during serialization,
but only during serialization and otherwise use a `HashMap`.
* fix lightbeam
This was historically defined in `wasmtime-environ` but it's only used
in `wasmtime-cranelift`, so this commit moves the definition to the
`debug` module where it's primarily used.
In #3186, we found an issue that requires patching the spec interpreter
for now. Our plan is to have a `fuzzing` branch in our spec-repo mirror
that lets us make these fixes locally before they are upstreamed.
This PR updates the build script for the spec-interpreter wrapper
crate to clone this particular `fuzzing` branch instead of the main
branch.
* Fix wiggle code generation for correct span usage
Up to this point when using wiggle to generate functions we could end up
with two types of functions an async or sync one with this proc macro
```
#[allow(unreachable_code)] // deals with warnings in noreturn functions
pub #asyncness fn #ident(
ctx: &mut (impl #(#bounds)+*),
memory: &dyn #rt::GuestMemory,
#(#abi_params),*
) -> Result<#abi_ret, #rt::Trap> {
use std::convert::TryFrom as _;
let _span = #rt::tracing::span!(
#rt::tracing::Level::TRACE,
"wiggle abi",
module = #mod_name,
function = #func_name
);
let _enter = _span.enter();
#body
}
```
Now this might seem fine, we just create a span and enter it and run the
body code and we get async versions as well. However, this is where the
source of our problem lies. The impetus for this fix was seeing multiple
request IDs output in the logs for a single function call of a generated
function. Something was clearly happening that shouldn't have been. If
we take a look at the tracing docs here we can see why the above code
will not work in asynchronous code.
https://docs.rs/tracing/0.1.26/tracing/span/struct.Span.html#in-asynchronous-code
> Warning: in asynchronous code that uses async/await syntax,
> Span::enter should be used very carefully or avoided entirely.
> Holding the drop guard returned by Span::enter across .await points
> will result in incorrect traces.
The above documentation provides some more information, but what could
happen is that the `#body` itself could contain code that would await
and mess up the tracing that occurred and causing output that would be
completely nonsensical. The code itself should work fine in the
synchronous case though and in cases where await was not called again
inside the body as the future would poll to completion as if it was a
synchronous function.
The solution then is to use the newer `Instrument` trait which can make
sure that the span will be entered on every poll of the future. In order
to make sure that we have the same behavior as before we generate
synchronous functions and the ones that were async instead return a
future that uses the instrument trait. This way we can guarantee that
the span is created in synchronous code before being passed into a
future. This does change the function signature, but the functionality
itself is exactly as before and so we should see no actual difference in
how it's used by others. We also just to be safe call the synchronous
version's body with `in_scope` now as per the docs recommendation even
though it's more intended for calling sync code inside async functions.
Functionally it's the same as before with the call to enter. We also
bump the version of tracing uses so that wiggle can reexport tracing
with the instrument changes.
* Move function span generation out of if statement
We were duplicating the span creation code in our function generation in
wiggle. This commit moves it out into one spot so that we can reuse it
in both branches of the async/sync function generation.
* Make formatting consistent
* Implement a setting for reserved dynamic memory growth
Dynamic memories aren't really that heavily used in Wasmtime right now
because for most 32-bit memories they're classified as "static" which
means they reserve 4gb of address space and never move. Growth of a
static memory is simply making pages accessible, so it's quite fast.
With the memory64 feature, however, this is no longer true since all
memory64 memories are classified as "dynamic" at this time. Previous to
this commit growth of a dynamic memory unconditionally moved the entire
linear memory in the host's address space, always resulting in a new
`Mmap` allocation. This behavior is causing fuzzers to time out when
working with 64-bit memories because incrementally growing a memory by 1
page at a time can incur a quadratic time complexity as bytes are
constantly moved.
This commit implements a scheme where there is now a tunable setting for
memory to be reserved at the end of a dynamic memory to grow into. This
means that dynamic memory growth is ideally amortized as most calls to
`memory.grow` will be able to grow into the pre-reserved space. Some
calls, though, will still need to copy the memory around.
This helps enable a commented out test for 64-bit memories now that it's
fast enough to run in debug mode. This is because the growth of memory
in the test no longer needs to copy 4gb of zeros.
* Test fixes & review comments
* More comments
The `strategy` was chosen after the `target` which meant that the target
choice was blown away because the `strategy` method overwrites the
currently configured compiler.
* Disable default features of `gimli`
For cranelift-less builds this avoids pulling in extra dependencies into
`gimli` that we don't need, improving build times slightly.
* Enable read features where necessary
* Remove unnecessary into_iter/map
Forgotten from a previous refactoring, this variable was already of the
right type!
* Move `wasmtime_jit::Compiler` into `wasmtime`
This `Compiler` struct is mostly a historical artifact at this point and
wasn't necessarily pulling much weight any more. This organization also
doesn't lend itself super well to compiling out `cranelift` when the
`Compiler` here is used for both parallel iteration configuration
settings as well as compilation.
The movement into `wasmtime` is relatively small, with
`Module::build_artifacts` being the main function added here which is a
merging of the previous functions removed from the `wasmtime-jit` crate.
* Add a `cranelift` compile-time feature to `wasmtime`
This commit concludes the saga of refactoring Wasmtime and making
Cranelift an optional dependency by adding a new Cargo feature to the
`wasmtime` crate called `cranelift`, which is enabled by default.
This feature is implemented by having a new cfg for `wasmtime` itself,
`cfg(compiler)`, which is used wherever compilation is necessary. This
bubbles up to disable APIs such as `Module::new`, `Func::new`,
`Engine::precompile_module`, and a number of `Config` methods affecting
compiler configuration. Checks are added to CI that when built in this
mode Wasmtime continues to successfully build. It's hoped that although
this is effectively "sprinkle `#[cfg]` until things compile" this won't
be too too bad to maintain over time since it's also an use case we're
interested in supporting.
With `cranelift` disabled the only way to create a `Module` is with the
`Module::deserialize` method, which requires some form of precompiled
artifact.
Two consequences of this change are:
* `Module::serialize` is also disabled in this mode. The reason for this
is that serialized modules contain ISA/shared flags encoded in them
which were used to produce the compiled code. There's no storage for
this if compilation is disabled. This could probably be re-enabled in
the future if necessary, but it may not end up being all that necessary.
* Deserialized modules are not checked to ensure that their ISA/shared
flags are compatible with the host CPU. This is actually already the
case, though, with normal modules. We'll likely want to fix this in
the future using a shared implementation for both these locations.
Documentation should be updated to indicate that `cranelift` can be
disabled, although it's not really the most prominent documentation
because this is expected to be a somewhat niche use case (albeit
important, just not too common).
* Always enable cranelift for the C API
* Fix doc example builds
* Fix check tests on GitHub Actions
* Move `CompiledFunction` into wasmtime-cranelift
This commit moves the `wasmtime_environ::CompiledFunction` type into the
`wasmtime-cranelift` crate. This type has lots of Cranelift-specific
pieces of compilation and doesn't need to be generated by all Wasmtime
compilers. This replaces the usage in the `Compiler` trait with a
`Box<Any>` type that each compiler can select. Each compiler must still
produce a `FunctionInfo`, however, which is shared information we'll
deserialize for each module.
The `wasmtime-debug` crate is also folded into the `wasmtime-cranelift`
crate as a result of this commit. One possibility was to move the
`CompiledFunction` commit into its own crate and have `wasmtime-debug`
depend on that, but since `wasmtime-debug` is Cranelift-specific at this
time it didn't seem like it was too too necessary to keep it separate.
If `wasmtime-debug` supports other backends in the future we can
recreate a new crate, perhaps with it refactored to not depend on
Cranelift.
* Move wasmtime_environ::reference_type
This now belongs in wasmtime-cranelift and nowhere else
* Remove `Type` reexport in wasmtime-environ
One less dependency on `cranelift-codegen`!
* Remove `types` reexport from `wasmtime-environ`
Less cranelift!
* Remove `SourceLoc` from wasmtime-environ
Change the `srcloc`, `start_srcloc`, and `end_srcloc` fields to a custom
`FilePos` type instead of `ir::SourceLoc`. These are only used in a few
places so there's not much to lose from an extra abstraction for these
leaf use cases outside of cranelift.
* Remove wasmtime-environ's dep on cranelift's `StackMap`
This commit "clones" the `StackMap` data structure in to
`wasmtime-environ` to have an independent representation that that
chosen by Cranelift. This allows Wasmtime to decouple this runtime
dependency of stack map information and let the two evolve
independently, if necessary.
An alternative would be to refactor cranelift's implementation into a
separate crate and have wasmtime depend on that but it seemed a bit like
overkill to do so and easier to clone just a few lines for this.
* Define code offsets in wasmtime-environ with `u32`
Don't use Cranelift's `binemit::CodeOffset` alias to define this field
type since the `wasmtime-environ` crate will be losing the
`cranelift-codegen` dependency soon.
* Commit to using `cranelift-entity` in Wasmtime
This commit removes the reexport of `cranelift-entity` from the
`wasmtime-environ` crate and instead directly depends on the
`cranelift-entity` crate in all referencing crates. The original reason
for the reexport was to make cranelift version bumps easier since it's
less versions to change, but nowadays we have a script to do that.
Otherwise this encourages crates to use whatever they want from
`cranelift-entity` since we'll always depend on the whole crate.
It's expected that the `cranelift-entity` crate will continue to be a
lean crate in dependencies and suitable for use at both runtime and
compile time. Consequently there's no need to avoid its usage in
Wasmtime at runtime, since "remove Cranelift at compile time" is
primarily about the `cranelift-codegen` crate.
* Remove most uses of `cranelift-codegen` in `wasmtime-environ`
There's only one final use remaining, which is the reexport of
`TrapCode`, which will get handled later.
* Limit the glob-reexport of `cranelift_wasm`
This commit removes the glob reexport of `cranelift-wasm` from the
`wasmtime-environ` crate. This is intended to explicitly define what
we're reexporting and is a transitionary step to curtail the amount of
dependencies taken on `cranelift-wasm` throughout the codebase. For
example some functions used by debuginfo mapping are better imported
directly from the crate since they're Cranelift-specific. Note that
this is intended to be a temporary state affairs, soon this reexport
will be gone entirely.
Additionally this commit reduces imports from `cranelift_wasm` and also
primarily imports from `crate::wasm` within `wasmtime-environ` to get a
better sense of what's imported from where and what will need to be
shared.
* Extract types from cranelift-wasm to cranelift-wasm-types
This commit creates a new crate called `cranelift-wasm-types` and
extracts type definitions from the `cranelift-wasm` crate into this new
crate. The purpose of this crate is to be a shared definition of wasm
types that can be shared both by compilers (like Cranelift) as well as
wasm runtimes (e.g. Wasmtime). This new `cranelift-wasm-types` crate
doesn't depend on `cranelift-codegen` and is the final step in severing
the unconditional dependency from Wasmtime to `cranelift-codegen`.
The final refactoring in this commit is to then reexport this crate from
`wasmtime-environ`, delete the `cranelift-codegen` dependency, and then
update all `use` paths to point to these new types.
The main change of substance here is that the `TrapCode` enum is
mirrored from Cranelift into this `cranelift-wasm-types` crate. While
this unfortunately results in three definitions (one more which is
non-exhaustive in Wasmtime itself) it's hopefully not too onerous and
ideally something we can patch up in the future.
* Get lightbeam compiling
* Remove unnecessary dependency
* Fix compile with uffd
* Update publish script
* Fix more uffd tests
* Rename cranelift-wasm-types to wasmtime-types
This reflects the purpose a bit more where it's types specifically
intended for Wasmtime and its support.
* Fix publish script
Previously cranelift's wasm code generator would emit a raw `store`
instruction for all wasm types, regardless of what the cranelift operand
type was. Cranelift's `store` instruction, however, isn't valid for
boolean vector types. This commit fixes this issue by inserting a
bitcast specifically for the store instruction if a boolean vector type
is being stored, continuing to avoid the bitcast for all other vector types.
Closes#3099
The main purpose for doing this is that this is a large piece of
functionality used by Wasmtime which is entirely independent of
Cranelift. Eventually Wasmtime wants to be able to compile without
Cranelift, but it can't also depend on `cranelift-wasm` in that
situation for module translation which means that something needs to
happen. One option is to refactor what's in `cranelift-wasm` into a
separate crate (since all these pieces don't actually depend on
`cranelift-codegen`), but I personally chose to not do this because:
* The `ModuleEnvironment` trait, AFAIK, only has a primary user of
Wasmtime. The Spidermonkey integration, for example, does not use this.
* This is an extra layer of abstraction between Wasmtime and the
compilation phase which was a bit of a pain to maintain. It couldn't
be Wasmtime-specific as it was part of Cranelift but at the same time
it had lots of Wasmtime-centric functionality (such as module
linking).
* Updating the "dummy" implementation has become pretty onerous over
time as frequent additions are made and the "dummy" implementation was
never actually used anywhere. This ended up feeling like effectively
busy-work to update this.
For these reasons I've opted to to move the meat of `cranelift-wasm`
used by `wasmtime-environ` directly into `wasmtime-environ`. This means
that the only real meat that Wasmtime uses from `cranelift-wasm` is the
function-translation bits in the `wasmtime-cranelift` crate.
The changes in `wasmtime-environ` are largely to inline module parsing
together so it's a bit easier to follow instead of trying to connect
the dots between lots of various function calls.
* Reimplement how unwind information is stored
This commit is a major refactoring of how unwind information is stored
after compilation of a function has finished. Previously we would store
the raw `UnwindInfo` as a result of compilation and this would get
serialized/deserialized alongside the rest of the ELF object that
compilation creates. Whenever functions were registered with
`CodeMemory` this would also result in registering unwinding information
dynamically at runtime, which in the case of Unix, for example, would
dynamically created FDE/CIE entries on-the-fly.
Eventually I'd like to support compiling Wasmtime without Cranelift, but
this means that `UnwindInfo` wouldn't be easily available to decode into
and create unwinding information from. To solve this I've changed the
ELF object created to have the unwinding information encoded into it
ahead-of-time so loading code into memory no longer needs to create
unwinding tables. This change has two different implementations for
Windows/Unix:
* On Windows the implementation was much easier. The unwinding
information on Windows is already stored after the function itself in
the text section. This was actually slightly duplicated in object
building and in code memory allocation. Now the object building
continues to do the same, recording unwinding information after
functions, and code memory no longer manually tracks this.
Additionally Wasmtime will emit a special custom section in the object
file with unwinding information which is the list of
`RUNTIME_FUNCTION` structures that `RtlAddFunctionTable` expects. This
means that the object file has all the information precompiled into it
and registration at runtime is simply passing a few pointers around to
the runtime.
* Unix was a little bit more difficult than Windows. Today a `.eh_frame`
section is created on-the-fly with offsets in FDEs specified as the
absolute address that functions are loaded at. This absolute
address hindered the ability to precompile the FDE into the object
file itself. I've switched how addresses are encoded, though, to using
`DW_EH_PE_pcrel` which means that FDE addresses are now specified
relative to the FDE itself. This means that we can maintain a fixed
offset between the `.eh_frame` loaded in memory and the beginning of
code memory. When doing so this enables precompiling the `.eh_frame`
section into the object file and at runtime when loading an object no
further construction of unwinding information is needed.
The overall result of this commit is that unwinding information is no
longer stored in its cranelift-data-structure form on disk. This means
that this unwinding information format is only present during
compilation, which will make it that much easier to compile out
cranelift in the future.
This commit also significantly refactors `CodeMemory` since the way
unwinding information is handled is not much different from before.
Previously `CodeMemory` was suitable for incrementally adding more and
more functions to it, but nowadays a `CodeMemory` either lives per
module (in which case all functions are known up front) or it's created
once-per-`Func::new` with two trampolines. In both cases we know all
functions up front so the functionality of incrementally adding more and
more segments is no longer needed. This commit removes the ability to
add a function-at-a-time in `CodeMemory` and instead it can now only
load objects in their entirety. A small helper function is added to
build a small object file for trampolines in `Func::new` to handle
allocation there.
Finally, this commit also folds the `wasmtime-obj` crate directly into
the `wasmtime-cranelift` crate and its builder structure to be more
amenable to this strategy of managing unwinding tables.
It is not intentional to have any real functional change as a result of
this commit. This might accelerate loading a module from cache slightly
since less work is needed to manage the unwinding information, but
that's just a side benefit from the main goal of this commit which is to
remove the dependence on cranelift unwinding information being available
at runtime.
* Remove isa reexport from wasmtime-environ
* Trim down reexports of `cranelift-codegen`
Remove everything non-essential so that only the bits which will need to
be refactored out of cranelift remain.
* Fix debug tests
* Review comments
* Update wasm-smith to 0.7.0
* Canonicalize NaN with wasm-smith for differential fuzzing
This then also enables floating point executing in wasmi in addition to
the spec interpreter. With NaN canonicalization at the wasm level this
means that we should be producing deterministic results between Wasmtime
and these alternative implementations.
The tests for the SIMD floating-point maximum and minimum operations
require particular care because the handling of the NaN values is
non-deterministic and may vary between platforms. There is no way to
match several NaN values in a test, so the solution is to extract the
non-deterministic test cases into a separate file that is subsequently
replicated for every backend under test, with adjustments made to the
expected results.
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited.
