Remove the need to have a Store for an InstancePre (#5683)

* Remove the need to have a `Store` for an `InstancePre`

This commit relaxes a requirement of the `InstancePre` API, notably its
construction via `Linker::instantiate_pre`. Previously this function
required a `Store<T>` to be present to be able to perform type-checking
on the contents of the linker, and now this requirement has been
removed.

Items stored within a linker are either a `HostFunc`, which has type
information inside of it, or an `Extern`, which doesn't have type
information inside of it. Due to the usage of `Extern` this is why a
`Store` was required during the `InstancePre` construction process, it's
used to extract the type of an `Extern`. This commit implements a
solution where the type information of an `Extern` is stored alongside
the `Extern` itself, meaning that the `InstancePre` construction process
no longer requires a `Store<T>`.

One caveat of this implementation is that some items, such as tables and
memories, technically have a "dynamic type" where during type checking
their current size is consulted to match against the minimum size
required of an import. This no longer works when using
`Linker::instantiate_pre` as the current size used is the one when it
was inserted into the linker rather than the one available at
instantiation time. It's hoped, however, that this is a relatively
esoteric use case that doesn't impact many real-world users.

Additionally note that this is an API-breaking change. Not only is the
`Store` argument removed from `Linker::instantiate_pre`, but some other
methods such as `Linker::define` grew a `Store` argument as the type
needs to be extracted when an item is inserted into a linker.

Closes #5675

* Fix the C API

* Fix benchmark compilation

* Add C API docs

* Update crates/wasmtime/src/linker.rs

Co-authored-by: Andrew Brown <andrew.brown@intel.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Andrew Brown <andrew.brown@intel.com>

crates/c-api/include/wasmtime/linker.h

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ WASM_API_EXTERN void wasmtime_linker_allow_shadowing(wasmtime_linker_t* linker,
  * \brief Defines a new item in this linker.
  *
  * \param linker the linker the name is being defined in.
+ * \param store the store that the `item` is owned by.
  * \param module the module name the item is defined under.
  * \param module_len the byte length of `module`
  * \param name the field name the item is defined under
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ WASM_API_EXTERN void wasmtime_linker_allow_shadowing(wasmtime_linker_t* linker,
  */
 WASM_API_EXTERN wasmtime_error_t* wasmtime_linker_define(
     wasmtime_linker_t *linker,
+    wasmtime_context_t *store,
     const char *module,
     size_t module_len,
     const char *name,