SIMD & FP registers are now saved and restored in pairs, similarly
to general-purpose registers. Also, only the bottom 64 bits of the
registers are saved and restored (in case of non-Baldrdash ABIs),
which is the requirement from the Procedure Call Standard for the
Arm 64-bit Architecture.
As for the callee-saved general-purpose registers, if a procedure
needs to save and restore an odd number of them, it no longer uses
store and load pair instructions for the last register.
Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited.
* Fully support multiple returns in Wasmtime
For quite some time now Wasmtime has "supported" multiple return values,
but only in the mose bare bones ways. Up until recently you couldn't get
a typed version of functions with multiple return values, and never have
you been able to use `Func::wrap` with functions that return multiple
values. Even recently where `Func::typed` can call functions that return
multiple values it uses a double-indirection by calling a trampoline
which calls the real function.
The underlying reason for this lack of support is that cranelift's ABI
for returning multiple values is not possible to write in Rust. For
example if a wasm function returns two `i32` values there is no Rust (or
C!) function you can write to correspond to that. This commit, however
fixes that.
This commit adds two new ABIs to Cranelift: `WasmtimeSystemV` and
`WasmtimeFastcall`. The intention is that these Wasmtime-specific ABIs
match their corresponding ABI (e.g. `SystemV` or `WindowsFastcall`) for
everything *except* how multiple values are returned. For multiple
return values we simply define our own version of the ABI which Wasmtime
implements, which is that for N return values the first is returned as
if the function only returned that and the latter N-1 return values are
returned via an out-ptr that's the last parameter to the function.
These custom ABIs provides the ability for Wasmtime to bind these in
Rust meaning that `Func::wrap` can now wrap functions that return
multiple values and `Func::typed` no longer uses trampolines when
calling functions that return multiple values. Although there's lots of
internal changes there's no actual changes in the API surface area of
Wasmtime, just a few more impls of more public traits which means that
more types are supported in more places!
Another change made with this PR is a consolidation of how the ABI of
each function in a wasm module is selected. The native `SystemV` ABI,
for example, is more efficient at returning multiple values than the
wasmtime version of the ABI (since more things are in more registers).
To continue to take advantage of this Wasmtime will now classify some
functions in a wasm module with the "fast" ABI. Only functions that are
not reachable externally from the module are classified with the fast
ABI (e.g. those not exported, used in tables, or used with `ref.func`).
This should enable purely internal functions of modules to have a faster
calling convention than those which might be exposed to Wasmtime itself.
Closes#1178
* Tweak some names and add docs
* "fix" lightbeam compile
* Fix TODO with dummy environ
* Unwind info is a property of the target, not the ABI
* Remove lightbeam unused imports
* Attempt to fix arm64
* Document new ABIs aren't stable
* Fix filetests to use the right target
* Don't always do 64-bit stores with cranelift
This was overwriting upper bits when 32-bit registers were being stored
into return values, so fix the code inline to do a sized store instead
of one-size-fits-all store.
* At least get tests passing on the old backend
* Fix a typo
* Add some filetests with mixed abi calls
* Get `multi` example working
* Fix doctests on old x86 backend
* Add a mixture of wasmtime/system_v tests
This PR switches the default backend on x86, for both the
`cranelift-codegen` crate and for Wasmtime, to the new
(`MachInst`-style, `VCode`-based) backend that has been under
development and testing for some time now.
The old backend is still available by default in builds with the
`old-x86-backend` feature, or by requesting `BackendVariant::Legacy`
from the appropriate APIs.
As part of that switch, it adds some more runtime-configurable plumbing
to the testing infrastructure so that tests can be run using the
appropriate backend. `clif-util test` is now capable of parsing a
backend selector option from filetests and instantiating the correct
backend.
CI has been updated so that the old x86 backend continues to run its
tests, just as we used to run the new x64 backend separately.
At some point, we will remove the old x86 backend entirely, once we are
satisfied that the new backend has not caused any unforeseen issues and
we do not need to revert.
The codegen for div/rem ops has two modes, depending on the
`avoid_div_traps` flag: it can either do all checks for trapping
conditions explicitly, and use explicit trap instructions, then use a
hardware divide instruction that will not trap (`avoid_div_traps ==
true`); or it can run in a mode where a hardware FP fault on the divide
instruction implies a Wasm trap (`avoid_div_traps == false`). Wasmtime
uses the former while Lucet (for example) uses the latter.
It turns out that because we run all our spec tests run under Wasmtime,
we missed a spec corner case that fails in the latter: INT_MIN % -1 == 0
per the spec, but causes a trap with the x86 signed divide/remainder
instruction. Hence, in Lucet, this specific remainder computation would
incorrectly result in a Wasm trap.
This PR fixes the issue by just forcing use of the explicit-checks
implementation for `srem` even when `avoid_div_traps` is false.
This bumps target-lexicon and adds support for the AppleAarch64 calling
convention. Specifically for WebAssembly support, we only have to worry
about the new stack slots convention. Stack slots don't need to be at
least 8-bytes, they can be as small as the data type's size. For
instance, if we need stack slots for (i32, i32), they can be located at
offsets (+0, +4). Note that they still need to be properly aligned on
the data type they're containing, though, so if we need stack slots for
(i32, i64), we can't start the i64 slot at the +4 offset (it must start
at the +8 offset).
Added one test that was failing on the Mac M1, as well as other tests
stressing different yet similar situations.
Our previous implementation of unwind infrastructure was somewhat
complex and brittle: it parsed generated instructions in order to
reverse-engineer unwind info from prologues. It also relied on some
fragile linkage to communicate instruction-layout information that VCode
was not designed to provide.
A much simpler, more reliable, and easier-to-reason-about approach is to
embed unwind directives as pseudo-instructions in the prologue as we
generate it. That way, we can say what we mean and just emit it
directly.
The usual reasoning that leads to the reverse-engineering approach is
that metadata is hard to keep in sync across optimization passes; but
here, (i) prologues are generated at the very end of the pipeline, and
(ii) if we ever do a post-prologue-gen optimization, we can treat unwind
directives as black boxes with unknown side-effects, just as we do for
some other pseudo-instructions today.
It turns out that it was easier to just build this for both x64 and
aarch64 (since they share a factored-out ABI implementation), and wire
up the platform-specific unwind-info generation for Windows and SystemV.
Now we have simpler unwind on all platforms and we can delete the old
unwind infra as soon as we remove the old backend.
There were a few consequences to supporting Fastcall unwind in
particular that led to a refactor of the common ABI. Windows only
supports naming clobbered-register save locations within 240 bytes of
the frame-pointer register, whatever one chooses that to be (RSP or
RBP). We had previously saved clobbers below the fixed frame (and below
nominal-SP). The 240-byte range has to include the old RBP too, so we're
forced to place clobbers at the top of the frame, just below saved
RBP/RIP. This is fine; we always keep a frame pointer anyway because we
use it to refer to stack args. It does mean that offsets of fixed-frame
slots (spillslots, stackslots) from RBP are no longer known before we do
regalloc, so if we ever want to index these off of RBP rather than
nominal-SP because we add support for `alloca` (dynamic frame growth),
then we'll need a "nominal-BP" mode that is resolved after regalloc and
clobber-save code is generated. I added a comment to this effect in
`abi_impl.rs`.
The above refactor touched both x64 and aarch64 because of shared code.
This had a further effect in that the old aarch64 prologue generation
subtracted from `sp` once to allocate space, then used stores to `[sp,
offset]` to save clobbers. Unfortunately the offset only has 7-bit
range, so if there are enough clobbered registers (and there can be --
aarch64 has 384 bytes of registers; at least one unit test hits this)
the stores/loads will be out-of-range. I really don't want to synthesize
large-offset sequences here; better to go back to the simpler
pre-index/post-index `stp r1, r2, [sp, #-16]` form that works just like
a "push". It's likely not much worse microarchitecturally (dependence
chain on SP, but oh well) and it actually saves an instruction if
there's no other frame to allocate. As a further advantage, it's much
simpler to understand; simpler is usually better.
This PR adds the new backend on Windows to CI as well.
This adds support for the "fastcall" ABI, which is the native C/C++ ABI
on Windows platforms on x86-64. It is similar to but not exactly like
System V; primarily, its argument register assignments are different,
and it requires stack shadow space.
Note that this also adjusts the handling of multi-register values in the
shared ABI implementation, and with this change, adjusts handling of
`i128`s on *both* Fastcall/x64 *and* SysV/x64 platforms. This was done
to align with actual behavior by the "rustc ABI" on both platforms, as
mapped out experimentally (Compiler Explorer link in comments). This
behavior is gated under the `enable_llvm_abi_extensions` flag.
Note also that this does *not* add x64 unwind info on Windows. That will
come in a future PR (but is planned!).
Add a bunch of test vectors that actually expose this (previously the
shift-by-zero test had equal lower and upper halves and hid the bug),
including the most basic of all, 1 << 0 == 1 (thanks @bjorn3 for finding
this).
When a block is unreachable, the `unreachable_code` pass will remove it,
which is perfectly sensible. Jump tables factor into unreachability in
an expected way: even if a block is listed in a jump table, the block
might be unreachable if the jump table itself is unused (or used in an
unreachable block). Unfortunately, the verifier still expects all
block refs in all jump tables to be valid, even after DCE, which will
not always be the case.
This makes a simple change to the pass: after removing blocks, it scans
jump tables. Any jump table that refers to an unreachable block must
itself be unused, and so we just clear its entries. We do not bother
removing it (and renumbering all later jumptables), and we do not bother
computing full unused-ness of all jumptables, as that would be more
expensive; it's sufficient to clear out the ones that refer to
unreachable blocks, which are a subset of all unused jumptables.
Fixes#2670.
This fixes#2672 and #2679, and also fixes an incorrect instruction
emission (`test` with small immediate) that we had missed earlier.
The shift-related fixes have to do with (i) shifts by 0 bits, as a
special case that must be handled; and (ii) shifts by a 128-bit amount,
which we can handle by just dropping the upper half (we only use 3--7
bits of shift amount).
This adjusts the lowerings appropriately, and also adds run-tests to
ensure that the lowerings actually execute correctly (previously we only
had compile-tests with golden lowerings; I'd like to correct this for
more ops eventually, adding run-tests beyond what the Wasm spec and
frontend covers).
- Panic messages must now be string literals (we used `format!()` in
many places; `panic!()` can take format strings directly).
- Some dead enum options with EVEX encoding stuff in old x86 backend.
This will go away soon and/or be moved to the new backend anyway, so
let's silence the warning for now.
- A few other misc warnings.
The StructReturn ABI is fairly simple at the codegen/isel level: we only
need to take care to return the sret pointer as one of the return values
if that wasn't specified in the initial function signature.
Struct arguments are a little more complex. A struct argument is stored
as a chunk of memory in the stack-args space. However, the CLIF
semantics are slightly special: on the caller side, the parameter passed
in is a pointer to an arbitrary memory block, and we must memcpy this
data to the on-stack struct-argument; and on the callee side, we provide
a pointer to the passed-in struct-argument as the CLIF block param
value.
This is necessary to support various ABIs other than Wasm, such as that
of Rust (with the cg_clif codegen backend).
This follows the implementation in the legacy x86 backend, including
hardcoded sequence that is compatible with what the linker expects. We
could potentially do better here, but it is likely not necessary.
Thanks to @bjorn3 for a bugfix to an earlier version of this.
This implements all of the ops on I128 that are implemented by the
legacy x86 backend, and includes all that are required by at least one
major use-case (cg_clif rustc backend).
The sequences are open-coded where necessary; for e.g. the bit
operations, this can be somewhat complex, but these sequences have been
tested carefully. This PR also includes a drive-by fix of clz/ctz for 8-
and 16-bit cases where they were incorrect previously.
Also includes ridealong fixes developed while bringing up cg_clif
support, because they are difficult to completely separate due to
other refactors that occurred in this PR:
- fix REX prefix logic for some 8-bit instructions.
When using an 8-bit register in 64-bit mode on x86-64, the REX prefix
semantics are somewhat subtle: without the REX prefix, register numbers
4--7 correspond to the second-to-lowest byte of the first four registers
(AH, CH, BH, DH), whereas with the REX prefix, these register numbers
correspond to the usual encoding (SPL, BPL, SIL, DIL). We could always
emit a REX byte for instructions with 8-bit cases (this is harmless even
if unneeded), but this would unnecessarily inflate code size; instead,
the usual approach is to emit it only for these registers.
This logic was present in some cases but missing for some other
instructions: divide, not, negate, shifts.
Fixes#2508.
- avoid unaligned SSE loads on some f64 ops.
The implementations of several FP ops, such as fabs/fneg, used SSE
instructions. This is not a problem per-se, except that load-op merging
did not take *alignment* into account. Specifically, if an op on an f64
loaded from memory happened to merge that load, and the instruction into
which it was merged was an SSE instruction, then the SSE instruction
imposes stricter (128-bit) alignment requirements than the load.f64 did.
This PR simply forces any instruction lowerings that could use SSE
instructions to implement non-SIMD operations to take inputs in
registers only, and avoid load-op merging.
Fixes#2507.
- two bugfixes exposed by cg_clif: urem/srem.i8, select.b1.
- urem/srem.i8: the 8-bit form of the DIV instruction on x86-64 places
the remainder in AH, not RDX, different from all the other width-forms
of this instruction.
- select.b1: we were not recognizing selects of boolean values as
integer-typed operations, so we were generating XMM moves instead (!).
On x64, the new backend generates `cmp` instructions at their use-sites
when possible (when the icmp that generates a boolean is known) so that
the condition flows directly through flags rather than a materialized
boolean. E.g., both `bint` (boolean to int) and `select` (conditional
select) instruction lowerings invoke `emit_cmp()` to do so.
Load-op fusion in `emit_cmp()` nominally allowed `cmp` to use its `cmp
reg, mem` form.
However, the mergeable-load condition (load has only single use) was not
adequately checked. Consider the sequence:
```
v2 = load.i64 v1
v3 = icmp eq v0, v2
v4 = bint.i64 v3
v5 = select.i64 v3, v0, v1
```
The load `v2` is only used in the `icmp` at `v3`. However, the cmp will
be separately codegen'd twice, once for the `bint` and once for the
`select`.
Prior to this fix, the above example would result in the load at `v2`
sinking to the `cmp` just above the `select`; we then emit another `cmp`
for the `bint`, but the load has already been used once so we do not
allow merging. We thus (i) expect the register for `v2` to contain the
loaded value, but (ii) skip the codegen for the load because it has been
sunk. This results in a regalloc error (unexpected livein) as the
unfilled register is upward-exposed to the entry point.
Because of this, we need to accept only the reg, reg form in
`emit_cmp()` (and the FP equivalent). We could get marginally better
code by tracking whether the `cmp` we are emitting comes from an
`icmp`/`fcmp` with only one use; but IMHO simplicity is a better rule
here when subtle interactions occur.
A branch is considered side-effecting and so updates the instruction
color (which is our way of computing how far instructions can sink).
However, in the lowering loop, we did not update current instruction
color when scanning backward across branches, which are side-effecting.
As a result, the color was stale and fewer load-op merges were permitted
than are actually possible.
Note that this would not have resulted in any correctness issues, as the
stale color is too high (so no merges are permitted that should have
been disallowed).
Fixes#2562.
On AArch64, the zero register (xzr) and the stack pointer (xsp) are
alternately named by the same index `31` in machine code depending on
context. In particular, in the reg-reg-immediate ALU instruction form,
add/subtract will use the stack pointer, not the zero register, if index
31 is given for the first (register) source arg.
In a few places, we were emitting subtract instructions with the zero
register as an argument and a reg/immediate as the second argument. When
an immediate could be incorporated directly (we have the `iconst`
definition visible), this would result in incorrect code being
generated.
This issue was found in `ineg` and in the sequence for vector
right-shifts.
Reported by Ian Cullinan; thanks!
Previously, `select` and `brz`/`brnz` instructions, when given a `b1`
boolean argument, would test whether that boolean argument was nonzero,
rather than whether its LSB was nonzero. Since our invariant for mapping
CLIF state to machine state is that bits beyond the width of a value are
undefined, the proper lowering is to test only the LSB.
(aarch64 does not have the same issue because its `Extend` pseudoinst
already properly handles masking of b1 values when a zero-extend is
requested, as it is for select/brz/brnz.)
Found by Nathan Ringo on Zulip [1] (thanks!).
[1]
https://bytecodealliance.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/217117-cranelift/topic/bnot.20on.20b1s
As a subtle consequence of the recent load-op fusion, popcnt of a
value that came from a load.i32 was compiling into a 64-bit load. This
is a result of the way in which x86 infers the width of loads: it is a
consequence of the instruction containing the memory reference, not the
memory reference itself. So the `input_to_reg_mem()` helper (convert an
instruction input into a register or memory reference) was providing the
appropriate memory reference for the result of a load.i32, but never
encoded the assumption that it would only be used in a 32-bit
instruction. It turns out that popcnt.i32 uses a 64-bit instruction to
load this RM op, hence widening a 32-bit to 64-bit load (which is
problematic when the offset is (memory_length - 4)).
Separately, popcnt was using the RM operand twice, resulting in two
loads if we merged a load. This isn't a correctness bug in practice
because only a racy sequence (store interleaving between the loads)
would produce incorrect results, but we decided earlier to treat loads
as effectful for now, neither reordering nor duplicating them, to
deliberately reduce complexity.
Because of the second issue, the fix is just to force the operand into a
register always, so any source load will not be merged.
Discovered via fuzzing with oss-fuzz.
Lucet uses stack probes rather than explicit stack limit checks as
Wasmtime does. In bytecodealliance/lucet#616, I have discovered that I
previously was not running some Lucet runtime tests with the new
backend, so was missing some test failures due to missing pieces in the
new backend.
This PR adds (i) calls to probestack, when enabled, in the prologue of
every function with a stack frame larger than one page (configurable via
flags); and (ii) trap metadata for every instruction on x86-64 that can
access the stack, hence be the first point at which a stack overflow is
detected when the stack pointer is decremented.
The x64 backend currently builds the `RealRegUniverse` in a way that
is generating somewhat suboptimal code. In many blocks, we see uses of
callee-save (non-volatile) registers (r12, r13, r14, rbx) first, even in
very short leaf functions where there are plenty of volatiles to use.
This is leading to unnecessary spills/reloads.
On one (local) test program, a medium-sized C benchmark compiled to Wasm
and run on Wasmtime, I am seeing a ~10% performance improvement with
this change; it will be less pronounced in programs with high register
pressure (there we are likely to use all registers regardless, so the
prologue/epilogue will save/restore all callee-saves), or in programs
with fewer calls, but this is a clear win for small functions and in
many cases removes prologue/epilogue clobber-saves altogether.
Separately, I think the RA's coalescing is tripping up a bit in some
cases; see e.g. the filetest touched by this commit that loads a value
into %rsi then moves to %rax and returns immediately. This is an
orthogonal issue, though, and should be addressed (if worthwhile) in
regalloc.rs.
The current code doesn't correctly handle the case where `ExtendOp::UXTW` has
as source, a constant-producing insn that produces a negative (32-bit) value.
Then the value is incorrectly sign-extended to 64 bits (in fact, this has
already been done by `ctx.get_constant(insn)`), whereas it needs to be zero
extended. The obvious fix, done here, is just to force bits 63:32 of the
extension to zero, hence zero-extending it.
