diff --git a/crates/cranelift/src/compiler.rs b/crates/cranelift/src/compiler.rs
index d27b9b306d..c930fbb4f5 100644
--- a/crates/cranelift/src/compiler.rs
+++ b/crates/cranelift/src/compiler.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use cranelift_wasm::{
 };
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::cmp;
-use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use std::mem;
 use std::sync::Mutex;
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl wasmtime_environ::Compiler for Compiler {
         self.isa.triple()
     }
 
-    fn flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue> {
+    fn flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue> {
         self.isa
             .flags()
             .iter()
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ impl wasmtime_environ::Compiler for Compiler {
             .collect()
     }
 
-    fn isa_flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue> {
+    fn isa_flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue> {
         self.isa
             .isa_flags()
             .iter()
diff --git a/crates/environ/src/compilation.rs b/crates/environ/src/compilation.rs
index 9037fedd3f..607eccc2b9 100644
--- a/crates/environ/src/compilation.rs
+++ b/crates/environ/src/compilation.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::borrow::Cow;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::fmt;
 use thiserror::Error;
 
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ pub trait Compiler: Send + Sync {
     fn triple(&self) -> &target_lexicon::Triple;
 
     /// Returns a list of configured settings for this compiler.
-    fn flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue>;
+    fn flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue>;
 
     /// Same as [`Compiler::flags`], but ISA-specific (a cranelift-ism)
-    fn isa_flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue>;
+    fn isa_flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue>;
 }
 
 /// Value of a configured setting for a [`Compiler`]
diff --git a/crates/environ/src/module.rs b/crates/environ/src/module.rs
index 11814afb14..d2f109a329 100644
--- a/crates/environ/src/module.rs
+++ b/crates/environ/src/module.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use crate::{EntityRef, PrimaryMap, Tunables};
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use wasmtime_types::*;
@@ -349,17 +349,17 @@ pub struct Module {
     pub passive_elements: Vec<Box<[FuncIndex]>>,
 
     /// The map from passive element index (element segment index space) to index in `passive_elements`.
-    pub passive_elements_map: HashMap<ElemIndex, usize>,
+    pub passive_elements_map: BTreeMap<ElemIndex, usize>,
 
     /// WebAssembly passive data segments.
     #[serde(with = "passive_data_serde")]
     pub passive_data: Vec<Arc<[u8]>>,
 
     /// The map from passive data index (data segment index space) to index in `passive_data`.
-    pub passive_data_map: HashMap<DataIndex, usize>,
+    pub passive_data_map: BTreeMap<DataIndex, usize>,
 
     /// WebAssembly function names.
-    pub func_names: HashMap<FuncIndex, String>,
+    pub func_names: BTreeMap<FuncIndex, String>,
 
     /// Types declared in the wasm module.
     pub types: PrimaryMap<TypeIndex, ModuleType>,
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ pub struct Module {
 
     /// The set of defined functions within this module which are located in
     /// element segments.
-    pub possibly_exported_funcs: HashSet<DefinedFuncIndex>,
+    pub possibly_exported_funcs: BTreeSet<DefinedFuncIndex>,
 }
 
 /// Initialization routines for creating an instance, encompassing imports,
diff --git a/crates/lightbeam/wasmtime/src/lib.rs b/crates/lightbeam/wasmtime/src/lib.rs
index c32e5ec5a0..4850e3ffc0 100644
--- a/crates/lightbeam/wasmtime/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/lightbeam/wasmtime/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use anyhow::Result;
 use cranelift_codegen::binemit;
 use cranelift_codegen::ir::{self, ExternalName};
 use std::any::Any;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use wasmtime_environ::{
     BuiltinFunctionIndex, CompileError, Compiler, FlagValue, FunctionBodyData, FunctionInfo,
     Module, ModuleTranslation, PrimaryMap, TrapInformation, Tunables, TypeTables, VMOffsets,
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ impl Compiler for Lightbeam {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue> {
+    fn flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 
-    fn isa_flags(&self) -> HashMap<String, FlagValue> {
+    fn isa_flags(&self) -> BTreeMap<String, FlagValue> {
         unimplemented!()
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs b/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
index f735cb0198..c2c98fd712 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use memoffset::offset_of;
 use more_asserts::assert_lt;
 use std::alloc::Layout;
 use std::any::Any;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use std::hash::Hash;
 use std::ptr::NonNull;
@@ -511,13 +511,13 @@ impl Instance {
 
     fn find_passive_segment<'a, I, D, T>(
         index: I,
-        index_map: &HashMap<I, usize>,
+        index_map: &BTreeMap<I, usize>,
         data: &'a Vec<D>,
         dropped: &EntitySet<I>,
     ) -> &'a [T]
     where
         D: AsRef<[T]>,
-        I: EntityRef + Hash,
+        I: EntityRef + Ord,
     {
         match index_map.get(&index) {
             Some(index) if !dropped.contains(I::new(*index)) => data[*index].as_ref(),
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/module/serialization.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/module/serialization.rs
index 7e7432cb27..2a971663f8 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/module/serialization.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/module/serialization.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{Engine, Module};
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
 use bincode::Options;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use wasmtime_environ::{Compiler, FlagValue, Tunables};
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ impl SerializedModuleUpvar {
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct SerializedModule<'a> {
     target: String,
-    shared_flags: HashMap<String, FlagValue>,
-    isa_flags: HashMap<String, FlagValue>,
+    shared_flags: BTreeMap<String, FlagValue>,
+    isa_flags: BTreeMap<String, FlagValue>,
     tunables: Tunables,
     features: WasmFeatures,
     artifacts: Vec<MyCow<'a, CompilationArtifacts>>,
diff --git a/tests/all/module.rs b/tests/all/module.rs
index e8c2327929..73143ea00c 100644
--- a/tests/all/module.rs
+++ b/tests/all/module.rs
@@ -78,3 +78,46 @@ fn aot_compiles() -> Result<()> {
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn serialize_deterministic() {
+    let engine = Engine::default();
+
+    let assert_deterministic = |wasm: &str| {
+        let p1 = engine.precompile_module(wasm.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        let p2 = engine.precompile_module(wasm.as_bytes()).unwrap();
+        if p1 != p2 {
+            panic!("precompile_module not determinisitc for:\n{}", wasm);
+        }
+
+        let module1 = Module::new(&engine, wasm).unwrap();
+        let a1 = module1.serialize().unwrap();
+        let a2 = module1.serialize().unwrap();
+        if a1 != a2 {
+            panic!("Module::serialize not determinisitc for:\n{}", wasm);
+        }
+
+        let module2 = Module::new(&engine, wasm).unwrap();
+        let b1 = module2.serialize().unwrap();
+        let b2 = module2.serialize().unwrap();
+        if b1 != b2 {
+            panic!("Module::serialize not determinisitc for:\n{}", wasm);
+        }
+
+        if a1 != b2 {
+            panic!("not matching across modules:\n{}", wasm);
+        }
+        if b1 != p2 {
+            panic!("not matching across engine/module:\n{}", wasm);
+        }
+    };
+
+    assert_deterministic("(module)");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (func))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (func nop))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (func) (func (param i32)))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (func (export \"f\")) (func (export \"y\")))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (func $f) (func $g))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (data \"\") (data \"\"))");
+    assert_deterministic("(module (elem) (elem))");
+}