Implement the pooling instance allocator.

This commit implements the pooling instance allocator.

The allocation strategy can be set with `Config::with_allocation_strategy`.

The pooling strategy uses the pooling instance allocator to preallocate a
contiguous region of memory for instantiating modules that adhere to various
limits.

The intention of the pooling instance allocator is to reserve as much of the
host address space needed for instantiating modules ahead of time and to reuse
committed memory pages wherever possible.

crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ use wasmtime_environ::{
     ir, Module, ModuleTranslation, ModuleType, OwnedDataInitializer, TableElements, VMOffsets,
 };
 
+mod pooling;
+
+pub use self::pooling::{
+    InstanceLimits, ModuleLimits, PoolingAllocationStrategy, PoolingInstanceAllocator,
+};
+
 /// Represents a request for a new runtime instance.
 pub struct InstanceAllocationRequest<'a> {
     /// The module being instantiated.
@@ -72,11 +78,18 @@ pub enum InstantiationError {
     /// A trap ocurred during instantiation, after linking.
     #[error("Trap occurred during instantiation")]
     Trap(Trap),
+
+    /// A limit on how many instances are supported has been reached.
+    #[error("Limit of {0} concurrent instances has been reached")]
+    Limit(u32),
 }
 
 /// An error while creating a fiber stack.
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum FiberStackError {
+    /// Insufficient resources available for the request.
+    #[error("Insufficient resources: {0}")]
+    Resource(String),
     /// An error for when the allocator doesn't support custom fiber stacks.
     #[error("Custom fiber stacks are not supported by the allocator")]
     NotSupported,
@@ -218,7 +231,7 @@ unsafe fn initialize_vmcontext(
         globals.len(),
     );
 
-    // Initialize the defined functions
+    // Initialize the functions
     for (index, sig) in instance.module.functions.iter() {
         let type_index = lookup_shared_signature(*sig);
 

crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/linux.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use crate::Mmap;
+
+pub unsafe fn make_accessible(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) -> bool {
+    region::protect(addr, len, region::Protection::READ_WRITE).is_ok()
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn decommit(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) {
+    region::protect(addr, len, region::Protection::NONE).unwrap();
+
+    // On Linux, this is enough to cause the kernel to initialize the pages to 0 on next access
+    assert_eq!(
+        libc::madvise(addr as _, len, libc::MADV_DONTNEED),
+        0,
+        "madvise failed to mark pages as missing: {}",
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn create_memory_map(accessible_size: usize, mapping_size: usize) -> Result<Mmap, String> {
+    Mmap::accessible_reserved(accessible_size, mapping_size)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to allocate pool memory: {}", e))
+}

crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/unix.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use crate::Mmap;
+
+pub unsafe fn make_accessible(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) -> bool {
+    region::protect(addr, len, region::Protection::READ_WRITE).is_ok()
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn decommit(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) {
+    assert_eq!(
+        libc::mmap(
+            addr as _,
+            len,
+            libc::PROT_NONE,
+            libc::MAP_PRIVATE | libc::MAP_ANON | libc::MAP_FIXED,
+            -1,
+            0,
+        ) as *mut u8,
+        addr,
+        "mmap failed to remap pages: {}",
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn create_memory_map(accessible_size: usize, mapping_size: usize) -> Result<Mmap, String> {
+    Mmap::accessible_reserved(accessible_size, mapping_size)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to allocate pool memory: {}", e))
+}

crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/windows.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use crate::Mmap;
+use winapi::um::memoryapi::{VirtualAlloc, VirtualFree};
+use winapi::um::winnt::{MEM_COMMIT, MEM_DECOMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE};
+
+pub unsafe fn make_accessible(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) -> bool {
+    // This doesn't use the `region` crate because the memory needs to be committed
+    !VirtualAlloc(addr as _, len, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE).is_null()
+}
+
+pub unsafe fn decommit(addr: *mut u8, len: usize) {
+    assert!(
+        VirtualFree(addr as _, len, MEM_DECOMMIT) != 0,
+        "failed to decommit memory pages: {}",
+        std::io::Error::last_os_error()
+    );
+}
+
+pub fn create_memory_map(accessible_size: usize, mapping_size: usize) -> Result<Mmap, String> {
+    Mmap::accessible_reserved(accessible_size, mapping_size)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("failed to allocate pool memory: {}", e))
+}