Refactor (#1524)

* Compute instance exports on demand.

Instead having instances eagerly compute a Vec of Externs, and bumping
the refcount for each Extern, compute Externs on demand.

This also enables `Instance::get_export` to avoid doing a linear search.

This also means that the closure returned by `get0` and friends now
holds an `InstanceHandle` to dynamically hold the instance live rather
than being scoped to a lifetime.

* Compute module imports and exports on demand too.

And compute Extern::ty on demand too.

* Add a utility function for computing an ExternType.

* Add a utility function for looking up a function's signature.

* Add a utility function for computing the ValType of a Global.

* Rename wasmtime_environ::Export to EntityIndex.

This helps differentiate it from other Export types in the tree, and
describes what it is.

* Fix a typo in a comment.

* Simplify module imports and exports.

* Make `Instance::exports` return the export names.

This significantly simplifies the public API, as it's relatively common
to need the names, and this avoids the need to do a zip with
`Module::exports`.

This also changes `ImportType` and `ExportType` to have public members
instead of private members and accessors, as I find that simplifies the
usage particularly in cases where there are temporary instances.

* Remove `Instance::module`.

This doesn't quite remove `Instance`'s `module` member, it gets a step
closer.

* Use a InstanceHandle utility function.

* Don't consume self in the `Func::get*` methods.

Instead, just create a closure containing the instance handle and the
export for them to call.

* Use `ExactSizeIterator` to avoid needing separate `num_*` methods.

* Rename `Extern::func()` etc. to `into_func()` etc.

* Revise examples to avoid using `nth`.

* Add convenience methods to instance for getting specific extern types.

* Use the convenience functions in more tests and examples.

* Avoid cloning strings for `ImportType` and `ExportType`.

* Remove more obviated clone() calls.

* Simplify `Func`'s closure state.

* Make wasmtime::Export's fields private.

This makes them more consistent with ExportType.

* Fix compilation error.

* Make a lifetime parameter explicit, and use better lifetime names.

Instead of 'me, use 'instance and 'module to make it clear what the
lifetime is.

* More lifetime cleanups.

examples/fib-debug/main.rs

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     // Invoke `fib` export
     let fib = instance
-        .get_export("fib")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("fib")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `fib` function export"))?
         .get1::<i32, i32>()?;
     println!("fib(6) = {}", fib(6)?);

examples/gcd.rs

@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     // Invoke `gcd` export
     let gcd = instance
-        .get_export("gcd")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("gcd")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `gcd` function export"))?
         .get2::<i32, i32, i32>()?;
 

examples/hello.rs

@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // Next we poke around a bit to extract the `run` function from the module.
     println!("Extracting export...");
     let run = instance
-        .get_export("run")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("run")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `run` function export"))?
         .get0::<()>()?;
 

examples/linking.rs

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     // And with that we can perform the final link and the execute the module.
     let linking1 = linker.instantiate(&linking1)?;
-    let run = linking1.get_export("run").and_then(|e| e.func()).unwrap();
+    let run = linking1.get_func("run").unwrap();
     let run = run.get0::<()>()?;
     run()?;
     Ok(())

examples/memory.rs

@@ -18,22 +18,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
 
     // Load up our exports from the instance
     let memory = instance
-        .get_export("memory")
-        .and_then(|e| e.memory())
+        .get_memory("memory")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `memory` export"))?;
     let size = instance
-        .get_export("size")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("size")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `size` export"))?
         .get0::<i32>()?;
     let load = instance
-        .get_export("load")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("load")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `load` export"))?
         .get1::<i32, i32>()?;
     let store = instance
-        .get_export("store")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("store")
         .ok_or(anyhow::format_err!("failed to find `store` export"))?
         .get2::<i32, i32, ()>()?;
 

examples/multi.rs

@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // Extract exports.
     println!("Extracting export...");
     let g = instance
-        .get_export("g")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("g")
         .ok_or(format_err!("failed to find export `g`"))?;
 
     // Call `$g`.
@@ -60,8 +59,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // Call `$round_trip_many`.
     println!("Calling export \"round_trip_many\"...");
     let round_trip_many = instance
-        .get_export("round_trip_many")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
+        .get_func("round_trip_many")
         .ok_or(format_err!("failed to find export `round_trip_many`"))?;
     let args = vec![
         Val::I64(0),

examples/wasi/main.rs

@@ -33,10 +33,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
     // Instance our module with the imports we've created, then we can run the
     // standard wasi `_start` function.
     let instance = Instance::new(&module, &imports)?;
-    let start = instance
-        .get_export("_start")
-        .and_then(|e| e.func())
-        .unwrap();
+    let start = instance.get_func("_start").unwrap();
     let start = start.get0::<()>()?;
     start()?;
     Ok(())