diff --git a/crates/wasi-common/src/snapshots/wasi_snapshot_preview1.rs b/crates/wasi-common/src/snapshots/wasi_snapshot_preview1.rs
index 60d788df13..5838a43254 100644
--- a/crates/wasi-common/src/snapshots/wasi_snapshot_preview1.rs
+++ b/crates/wasi-common/src/snapshots/wasi_snapshot_preview1.rs
@@ -14,11 +14,14 @@ use wiggle_runtime::{GuestBorrows, GuestPtr};
 impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
     fn args_get<'b>(
         &self,
-        mut argv: GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
-        mut argv_buf: GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
+        argv: &GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
+        argv_buf: &GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         trace!("args_get(argv_ptr={:?}, argv_buf={:?})", argv, argv_buf);
 
+        let mut argv = argv.clone();
+        let mut argv_buf = argv_buf.clone();
+
         for arg in &self.args {
             let arg_bytes = arg.as_bytes_with_nul();
             let elems = arg_bytes.len().try_into()?;
@@ -49,8 +52,8 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
 
     fn environ_get<'b>(
         &self,
-        mut environ: GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
-        mut environ_buf: GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
+        environ: &GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, u8>>,
+        environ_buf: &GuestPtr<'b, u8>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         trace!(
             "environ_get(environ={:?}, environ_buf={:?})",
@@ -58,6 +61,9 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
             environ_buf
         );
 
+        let mut environ = environ.clone();
+        let mut environ_buf = environ_buf.clone();
+
         for e in &self.env {
             let environ_bytes = e.as_bytes_with_nul();
             let elems = environ_bytes.len().try_into()?;
@@ -409,7 +415,7 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
     fn fd_prestat_dir_name(
         &self,
         fd: types::Fd,
-        path: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        path: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         path_len: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         trace!(
@@ -536,7 +542,7 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
     fn fd_readdir(
         &self,
         fd: types::Fd,
-        buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         buf_len: types::Size,
         cookie: types::Dircookie,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
@@ -555,10 +561,11 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
 
         fn copy_entities<T: Iterator<Item = Result<(types::Dirent, String)>>>(
             iter: T,
-            mut buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+            buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
             buf_len: types::Size,
         ) -> Result<types::Size> {
             let mut bufused = 0;
+            let mut buf = buf.clone();
             for pair in iter {
                 let (dirent, name) = pair?;
                 let dirent_raw = dirent.as_bytes()?;
@@ -971,7 +978,7 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
         &self,
         dirfd: types::Fd,
         path: &GuestPtr<'_, str>,
-        buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         buf_len: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
         trace!(
@@ -1140,8 +1147,8 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
 
     fn poll_oneoff(
         &self,
-        in_: GuestPtr<types::Subscription>,
-        out: GuestPtr<types::Event>,
+        in_: &GuestPtr<types::Subscription>,
+        out: &GuestPtr<types::Event>,
         nsubscriptions: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
         trace!(
@@ -1294,7 +1301,7 @@ impl<'a> WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn random_get(&self, buf: GuestPtr<u8>, buf_len: types::Size) -> Result<()> {
+    fn random_get(&self, buf: &GuestPtr<u8>, buf_len: types::Size) -> Result<()> {
         trace!("random_get(buf={:?}, buf_len={:?})", buf, buf_len);
 
         let slice = unsafe {
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/funcs.rs b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/funcs.rs
index 6433f7712a..2c82ba79e8 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/funcs.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/funcs.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::quote;
 
 use crate::lifetimes::anon_lifetime;
+use crate::module_trait::passed_by_reference;
 use crate::names::Names;
 
 pub fn define_func(names: &Names, func: &witx::InterfaceFunc) -> TokenStream {
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ pub fn define_func(names: &Names, func: &witx::InterfaceFunc) -> TokenStream {
         .map(|p| marshal_arg(names, p, error_handling(p.name.as_str())));
     let trait_args = func.params.iter().map(|param| {
         let name = names.func_param(&param.name);
-        match param.tref.type_().passed_by() {
-            witx::TypePassedBy::Value { .. } => quote!(#name),
-            witx::TypePassedBy::Pointer { .. } => quote!(&#name),
-            witx::TypePassedBy::PointerLengthPair { .. } => quote!(&#name),
+        if passed_by_reference(&*param.tref.type_()) {
+            quote!(&#name)
+        } else {
+            quote!(#name)
         }
     });
 
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/module_trait.rs b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/module_trait.rs
index bd94946bba..b09f237028 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/module_trait.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/module_trait.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,21 @@ use crate::lifetimes::{anon_lifetime, LifetimeExt};
 use crate::names::Names;
 use witx::Module;
 
+pub fn passed_by_reference(ty: &witx::Type) -> bool {
+    let passed_by = match ty.passed_by() {
+        witx::TypePassedBy::Value { .. } => false,
+        witx::TypePassedBy::Pointer { .. } | witx::TypePassedBy::PointerLengthPair { .. } => true,
+    };
+    match ty {
+        witx::Type::Builtin(b) => match &*b {
+            witx::BuiltinType::String => true,
+            _ => passed_by,
+        },
+        witx::Type::Pointer(_) | witx::Type::ConstPointer(_) | witx::Type::Array(_) => true,
+        _ => passed_by,
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn define_module_trait(names: &Names, m: &Module) -> TokenStream {
     let traitname = names.trait_name(&m.name);
     let traitmethods = m.funcs().map(|f| {
@@ -25,10 +40,10 @@ pub fn define_module_trait(names: &Names, m: &Module) -> TokenStream {
         let args = f.params.iter().map(|arg| {
             let arg_name = names.func_param(&arg.name);
             let arg_typename = names.type_ref(&arg.tref, lifetime.clone());
-            let arg_type = match arg.tref.type_().passed_by() {
-                witx::TypePassedBy::Value { .. } => quote!(#arg_typename),
-                witx::TypePassedBy::Pointer { .. } => quote!(&#arg_typename),
-                witx::TypePassedBy::PointerLengthPair { .. } => quote!(&#arg_typename),
+            let arg_type = if passed_by_reference(&*arg.tref.type_()) {
+                quote!(&#arg_typename)
+            } else {
+                quote!(#arg_typename)
             };
             quote!(#arg_name: #arg_type)
         });
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/names.rs b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/names.rs
index d545b37845..aa67364a0e 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/names.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/crates/generate/src/names.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl Names {
             BuiltinType::F32 => quote!(f32),
             BuiltinType::F64 => quote!(f64),
             BuiltinType::Char8 => quote!(u8),
-            BuiltinType::USize => quote!(usize),
+            BuiltinType::USize => quote!(u32),
         }
     }
     pub fn atom_type(&self, atom: AtomType) -> TokenStream {
@@ -66,7 +66,11 @@ impl Names {
                     let pointee_type = self.type_ref(&pointee, lifetime.clone());
                     quote!(wiggle_runtime::GuestPtr<#lifetime, #pointee_type>)
                 }
-                _ => unimplemented!("anonymous type ref"),
+                witx::Type::Array(pointee) => {
+                    let pointee_type = self.type_ref(&pointee, lifetime.clone());
+                    quote!(wiggle_runtime::GuestPtr<#lifetime, [#pointee_type]>)
+                }
+                _ => unimplemented!("anonymous type ref {:?}", tref),
             },
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/crates/runtime/src/guest_type.rs b/crates/wiggle/crates/runtime/src/guest_type.rs
index 1a654da17e..534eed5489 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/crates/runtime/src/guest_type.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/crates/runtime/src/guest_type.rs
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ macro_rules! primitives {
 
 primitives! {
     // signed
-    i8 i16 i32 i64 i128 isize
+    i8 i16 i32 i64 i128
     // unsigned
-    u8 u16 u32 u64 u128 usize
+    u8 u16 u32 u64 u128
     // floats
     f32 f64
 }
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/tests/flags.rs b/crates/wiggle/tests/flags.rs
index 7a6ddcaebf..4270ef50c7 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/tests/flags.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/tests/flags.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ impl<'a> flags::Flags for WasiCtx<'a> {
     fn configure_car(
         &self,
         old_config: types::CarConfig,
-        other_config_ptr: GuestPtr<types::CarConfig>,
+        other_config_ptr: &GuestPtr<types::CarConfig>,
     ) -> Result<types::CarConfig, types::Errno> {
         let other_config = other_config_ptr.read().map_err(|e| {
             eprintln!("old_config_ptr error: {}", e);
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/tests/pointers.rs b/crates/wiggle/tests/pointers.rs
index 188fa9822c..cbabd76563 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/tests/pointers.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/tests/pointers.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ impl<'a> pointers::Pointers for WasiCtx<'a> {
     fn pointers_and_enums<'b>(
         &self,
         input1: types::Excuse,
-        input2_ptr: GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>,
-        input3_ptr: GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>,
-        input4_ptr_ptr: GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>>,
+        input2_ptr: &GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>,
+        input3_ptr: &GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>,
+        input4_ptr_ptr: &GuestPtr<'b, GuestPtr<'b, types::Excuse>>,
     ) -> Result<(), types::Errno> {
         println!("BAZ input1 {:?}", input1);
         let input2: types::Excuse = input2_ptr.read().map_err(|e| {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl<'a> pointers::Pointers for WasiCtx<'a> {
         println!("input4 {:?}", input4);
 
         // Write ptr value to mutable ptr:
-        input4_ptr_ptr.write(input2_ptr).map_err(|e| {
+        input4_ptr_ptr.write(*input2_ptr).map_err(|e| {
             eprintln!("input4_ptr_ptr error: {}", e);
             types::Errno::InvalidArg
         })?;
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/tests/structs.rs b/crates/wiggle/tests/structs.rs
index 0b00057d9a..0be912feeb 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/tests/structs.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/tests/structs.rs
@@ -44,10 +44,13 @@ impl<'a> structs::Structs for WasiCtx<'a> {
 
     fn return_pair_of_ptrs<'b>(
         &self,
-        first: GuestPtr<'b, i32>,
-        second: GuestPtr<'b, i32>,
+        first: &GuestPtr<'b, i32>,
+        second: &GuestPtr<'b, i32>,
     ) -> Result<types::PairIntPtrs<'b>, types::Errno> {
-        Ok(types::PairIntPtrs { first, second })
+        Ok(types::PairIntPtrs {
+            first: *first,
+            second: *second,
+        })
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/wiggle/tests/wasi.rs b/crates/wiggle/tests/wasi.rs
index 6ad5612b69..df7be73a8e 100644
--- a/crates/wiggle/tests/wasi.rs
+++ b/crates/wiggle/tests/wasi.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl<'a> GuestErrorType<'a> for types::Errno {
 }
 
 impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
-    fn args_get(&self, _argv: GuestPtr<GuestPtr<u8>>, _argv_buf: GuestPtr<u8>) -> Result<()> {
+    fn args_get(&self, _argv: &GuestPtr<GuestPtr<u8>>, _argv_buf: &GuestPtr<u8>) -> Result<()> {
         unimplemented!("args_get")
     }
 
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
 
     fn environ_get(
         &self,
-        _environ: GuestPtr<GuestPtr<u8>>,
-        _environ_buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        _environ: &GuestPtr<GuestPtr<u8>>,
+        _environ_buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         unimplemented!("environ_get")
     }
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
     fn fd_prestat_dir_name(
         &self,
         _fd: types::Fd,
-        _path: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        _path: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         _path_len: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<()> {
         unimplemented!("fd_prestat_dir_name")
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
     fn fd_readdir(
         &self,
         _fd: types::Fd,
-        _buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        _buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         _buf_len: types::Size,
         _cookie: types::Dircookie,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
         &self,
         _fd: types::Fd,
         _path: &GuestPtr<'_, str>,
-        _buf: GuestPtr<u8>,
+        _buf: &GuestPtr<u8>,
         _buf_len: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
         unimplemented!("path_readlink")
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
 
     fn poll_oneoff(
         &self,
-        _in_: GuestPtr<types::Subscription>,
-        _out: GuestPtr<types::Event>,
+        _in_: &GuestPtr<types::Subscription>,
+        _out: &GuestPtr<types::Event>,
         _nsubscriptions: types::Size,
     ) -> Result<types::Size> {
         unimplemented!("poll_oneoff")
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ impl<'a> crate::wasi_snapshot_preview1::WasiSnapshotPreview1 for WasiCtx<'a> {
         unimplemented!("sched_yield")
     }
 
-    fn random_get(&self, _buf: GuestPtr<u8>, _buf_len: types::Size) -> Result<()> {
+    fn random_get(&self, _buf: &GuestPtr<u8>, _buf_len: types::Size) -> Result<()> {
         unimplemented!("random_get")
     }