diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8c73ff9549..5631a2d6c6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "async-trait"
-version = "0.1.50"
+version = "0.1.51"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b98e84bbb4cbcdd97da190ba0c58a1bb0de2c1fdf67d159e192ed766aeca722"
+checksum = "44318e776df68115a881de9a8fd1b9e53368d7a4a5ce4cc48517da3393233a5e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3362,6 +3362,7 @@ name = "wasmtime"
 version = "0.30.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "async-trait",
  "backtrace",
  "bincode",
  "cfg-if 1.0.0",
@@ -3459,6 +3460,7 @@ name = "wasmtime-cli"
 version = "0.30.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "async-trait",
  "criterion",
  "env_logger 0.8.3",
  "file-per-thread-logger",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0fa869d330..a5d19c3c88 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ criterion = "0.3.4"
 num_cpus = "1.13.0"
 winapi = { version = "0.3.9", features = ['memoryapi'] }
 memchr = "2.4"
+async-trait = "0.1"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.19"
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs b/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
index f69b17a8ae..64afecd760 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/instance.rs
@@ -33,86 +33,6 @@ mod allocator;
 
 pub use allocator::*;
 
-/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::instances`] default method
-pub const DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
-/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::tables`] default method
-pub const DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
-/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::memories`] default method
-pub const DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
-
-/// Used by hosts to limit resource consumption of instances.
-///
-/// An instance can be created with a resource limiter so that hosts can take into account
-/// non-WebAssembly resource usage to determine if a linear memory or table should grow.
-pub trait ResourceLimiter {
-    /// Notifies the resource limiter that an instance's linear memory has been
-    /// requested to grow.
-    ///
-    /// * `current` is the current size of the linear memory in bytes.
-    /// * `desired` is the desired size of the linear memory in bytes.
-    /// * `maximum` is either the linear memory's maximum or a maximum from an
-    ///   instance allocator, also in bytes. A value of `None`
-    ///   indicates that the linear memory is unbounded.
-    ///
-    /// This function should return `true` to indicate that the growing
-    /// operation is permitted or `false` if not permitted. Returning `true`
-    /// when a maximum has been exceeded will have no effect as the linear
-    /// memory will not grow.
-    ///
-    /// This function is not guaranteed to be invoked for all requests to
-    /// `memory.grow`. Requests where the allocation requested size doesn't fit
-    /// in `usize` or exceeds the memory's listed maximum size may not invoke
-    /// this method.
-    fn memory_growing(&mut self, current: usize, desired: usize, maximum: Option<usize>) -> bool;
-
-    /// Notifies the resource limiter that growing a linear memory, permitted by
-    /// the `memory_growing` method, has failed.
-    ///
-    /// Reasons for failure include: the growth exceeds the `maximum` passed to
-    /// `memory_growing`, or the operating system failed to allocate additional
-    /// memory. In that case, `error` might be downcastable to a `std::io::Error`.
-    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &Error) {}
-
-    /// Notifies the resource limiter that an instance's table has been requested to grow.
-    ///
-    /// * `current` is the current number of elements in the table.
-    /// * `desired` is the desired number of elements in the table.
-    /// * `maximum` is either the table's maximum or a maximum from an instance allocator.
-    ///   A value of `None` indicates that the table is unbounded.
-    ///
-    /// This function should return `true` to indicate that the growing operation is permitted or
-    /// `false` if not permitted. Returning `true` when a maximum has been exceeded will have no
-    /// effect as the table will not grow.
-    fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool;
-
-    /// The maximum number of instances that can be created for a `Store`.
-    ///
-    /// Module instantiation will fail if this limit is exceeded.
-    ///
-    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
-    fn instances(&self) -> usize {
-        DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT
-    }
-
-    /// The maximum number of tables that can be created for a `Store`.
-    ///
-    /// Module instantiation will fail if this limit is exceeded.
-    ///
-    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
-    fn tables(&self) -> usize {
-        DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT
-    }
-
-    /// The maximum number of linear memories that can be created for a `Store`
-    ///
-    /// Instantiation will fail with an error if this limit is exceeded.
-    ///
-    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
-    fn memories(&self) -> usize {
-        DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT
-    }
-}
-
 /// A type that roughly corresponds to a WebAssembly instance, but is also used
 /// for host-defined objects.
 ///
@@ -429,7 +349,11 @@ impl Instance {
     /// Returns `None` if memory can't be grown by the specified amount
     /// of pages. Returns `Some` with the old size in bytes if growth was
     /// successful.
-    pub(crate) fn memory_grow(&mut self, index: MemoryIndex, delta: u64) -> Option<usize> {
+    pub(crate) fn memory_grow(
+        &mut self,
+        index: MemoryIndex,
+        delta: u64,
+    ) -> Result<Option<usize>, Error> {
         let (idx, instance) = if let Some(idx) = self.module.defined_memory_index(index) {
             (idx, self)
         } else {
@@ -441,10 +365,10 @@ impl Instance {
                 (foreign_memory_index, foreign_instance)
             }
         };
-        let limiter = unsafe { (*instance.store()).limiter() };
+        let store = unsafe { &mut *instance.store() };
         let memory = &mut instance.memories[idx];
 
-        let result = unsafe { memory.grow(delta, limiter) };
+        let result = unsafe { memory.grow(delta, store) };
         let vmmemory = memory.vmmemory();
 
         // Update the state used by wasm code in case the base pointer and/or
@@ -468,7 +392,7 @@ impl Instance {
         table_index: TableIndex,
         delta: u32,
         init_value: TableElement,
-    ) -> Option<u32> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<u32>, Error> {
         let (defined_table_index, instance) =
             self.get_defined_table_index_and_instance(table_index);
         instance.defined_table_grow(defined_table_index, delta, init_value)
@@ -479,14 +403,14 @@ impl Instance {
         table_index: DefinedTableIndex,
         delta: u32,
         init_value: TableElement,
-    ) -> Option<u32> {
-        let limiter = unsafe { (*self.store()).limiter() };
+    ) -> Result<Option<u32>, Error> {
+        let store = unsafe { &mut *self.store() };
         let table = self
             .tables
             .get_mut(table_index)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no table for index {}", table_index.index()));
 
-        let result = unsafe { table.grow(delta, init_value, limiter) };
+        let result = unsafe { table.grow(delta, init_value, store) };
 
         // Keep the `VMContext` pointers used by compiled Wasm code up to
         // date.
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator.rs b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator.rs
index 0caa891c27..abcb94b11f 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::imports::Imports;
-use crate::instance::{Instance, InstanceHandle, ResourceLimiter, RuntimeMemoryCreator};
+use crate::instance::{Instance, InstanceHandle, RuntimeMemoryCreator};
 use crate::memory::{DefaultMemoryCreator, Memory};
 use crate::table::Table;
 use crate::traphandlers::Trap;
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ pub struct InstanceAllocationRequest<'a> {
     /// are a bit of a lie. This is done purely so a store can learn about
     /// itself when it gets called as a host function, and additionally so this
     /// runtime can access internals as necessary (such as the
-    /// VMExternRefActivationsTable or the ResourceLimiter).
+    /// VMExternRefActivationsTable or the resource limiter methods).
     ///
     /// Note that this ends up being a self-pointer to the instance when stored.
     /// The reason is that the instance itself is then stored within the store.
     /// We use a number of `PhantomPinned` declarations to indicate this to the
     /// compiler. More info on this in `wasmtime/src/store.rs`
-    pub store: Option<*mut dyn Store>,
+    pub store: StorePtr,
 
     /// A list of all wasm data that can be referenced by the module that
     /// will be allocated. The `Module` given here has active/passive data
@@ -77,6 +77,35 @@ pub struct InstanceAllocationRequest<'a> {
     pub wasm_data: *const [u8],
 }
 
+/// A pointer to a Store. This Option<*mut dyn Store> is wrapped in a struct
+/// so that the function to create a &mut dyn Store is a method on a member of
+/// InstanceAllocationRequest, rather than on a &mut InstanceAllocationRequest
+/// itself, because several use-sites require a split mut borrow on the
+/// InstanceAllocationRequest.
+pub struct StorePtr(Option<*mut dyn Store>);
+impl StorePtr {
+    /// A pointer to no Store.
+    pub fn empty() -> Self {
+        Self(None)
+    }
+    /// A pointer to a Store.
+    pub fn new(ptr: *mut dyn Store) -> Self {
+        Self(Some(ptr))
+    }
+    /// The raw contents of this struct
+    pub fn as_raw(&self) -> Option<*mut dyn Store> {
+        self.0.clone()
+    }
+    /// Use the StorePtr as a mut ref to the Store.
+    /// Safety: must not be used outside the original lifetime of the borrow.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn get(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn Store> {
+        match self.0 {
+            Some(ptr) => Some(&mut *ptr),
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// An link error while instantiating a module.
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
 #[error("Link error: {0}")]
@@ -430,7 +459,7 @@ fn initialize_instance(
 }
 
 unsafe fn initialize_vmcontext(instance: &mut Instance, req: InstanceAllocationRequest) {
-    if let Some(store) = req.store {
+    if let Some(store) = req.store.as_raw() {
         *instance.interrupts() = (*store).vminterrupts();
         *instance.externref_activations_table() = (*store).externref_activations_table().0;
         instance.set_store(store);
@@ -581,17 +610,6 @@ pub struct OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
     stack_size: usize,
 }
 
-// rustc is quite strict with the lifetimes when dealing with mutable borrows,
-// so this is a little helper to get a shorter lifetime on `Option<&mut T>`
-fn borrow_limiter<'a>(
-    limiter: &'a mut Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-) -> Option<&'a mut dyn ResourceLimiter> {
-    match limiter {
-        Some(limiter) => Some(&mut **limiter),
-        None => None,
-    }
-}
-
 impl OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
     /// Creates a new on-demand instance allocator.
     pub fn new(mem_creator: Option<Arc<dyn RuntimeMemoryCreator>>, stack_size: usize) -> Self {
@@ -605,15 +623,19 @@ impl OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
 
     fn create_tables(
         module: &Module,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
+        store: &mut StorePtr,
     ) -> Result<PrimaryMap<DefinedTableIndex, Table>, InstantiationError> {
         let num_imports = module.num_imported_tables;
         let mut tables: PrimaryMap<DefinedTableIndex, _> =
             PrimaryMap::with_capacity(module.table_plans.len() - num_imports);
         for table in &module.table_plans.values().as_slice()[num_imports..] {
             tables.push(
-                Table::new_dynamic(table, borrow_limiter(&mut limiter))
-                    .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
+                Table::new_dynamic(table, unsafe {
+                    store
+                        .get()
+                        .expect("if module has table plans, store is not empty")
+                })
+                .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
             );
         }
         Ok(tables)
@@ -622,7 +644,7 @@ impl OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
     fn create_memories(
         &self,
         module: &Module,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
+        store: &mut StorePtr,
     ) -> Result<PrimaryMap<DefinedMemoryIndex, Memory>, InstantiationError> {
         let creator = self
             .mem_creator
@@ -633,8 +655,12 @@ impl OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
             PrimaryMap::with_capacity(module.memory_plans.len() - num_imports);
         for plan in &module.memory_plans.values().as_slice()[num_imports..] {
             memories.push(
-                Memory::new_dynamic(plan, creator, borrow_limiter(&mut limiter))
-                    .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
+                Memory::new_dynamic(plan, creator, unsafe {
+                    store
+                        .get()
+                        .expect("if module has memory plans, store is not empty")
+                })
+                .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
             );
         }
         Ok(memories)
@@ -656,9 +682,8 @@ unsafe impl InstanceAllocator for OnDemandInstanceAllocator {
         &self,
         mut req: InstanceAllocationRequest,
     ) -> Result<InstanceHandle, InstantiationError> {
-        let mut limiter = req.store.and_then(|s| (*s).limiter());
-        let memories = self.create_memories(&req.module, borrow_limiter(&mut limiter))?;
-        let tables = Self::create_tables(&req.module, borrow_limiter(&mut limiter))?;
+        let memories = self.create_memories(&req.module, &mut req.store)?;
+        let tables = Self::create_tables(&req.module, &mut req.store)?;
 
         let host_state = std::mem::replace(&mut req.host_state, Box::new(()));
 
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling.rs b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling.rs
index 2d074aa17c..76614137d5 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
 //! Using the pooling instance allocator can speed up module instantiation
 //! when modules can be constrained based on configurable limits.
 
-use super::borrow_limiter;
 use super::{
     initialize_instance, initialize_vmcontext, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator,
-    InstanceHandle, InstantiationError, ResourceLimiter,
+    InstanceHandle, InstantiationError,
 };
 use crate::{instance::Instance, Memory, Mmap, Table, VMContext};
 use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Result};
@@ -385,19 +384,22 @@ impl InstancePool {
         instance.host_state = std::mem::replace(&mut req.host_state, Box::new(()));
         instance.wasm_data = &*req.wasm_data;
 
-        let mut limiter = req.store.and_then(|s| (*s).limiter());
+        // set_instance_memories and _tables will need the store before we can completely
+        // initialize the vmcontext.
+        if let Some(store) = req.store.as_raw() {
+            instance.set_store(store);
+        }
+
         Self::set_instance_memories(
             instance,
             self.memories.get(index),
             self.memories.max_wasm_pages,
-            borrow_limiter(&mut limiter),
         )?;
 
         Self::set_instance_tables(
             instance,
             self.tables.get(index).map(|x| x as *mut usize),
             self.tables.max_elements,
-            borrow_limiter(&mut limiter),
         )?;
 
         initialize_vmcontext(instance, req);
@@ -503,7 +505,6 @@ impl InstancePool {
         instance: &mut Instance,
         mut memories: impl Iterator<Item = *mut u8>,
         max_pages: u64,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
     ) -> Result<(), InstantiationError> {
         let module = instance.module.as_ref();
 
@@ -519,12 +520,9 @@ impl InstancePool {
                 )
             };
             instance.memories.push(
-                Memory::new_static(
-                    plan,
-                    memory,
-                    commit_memory_pages,
-                    borrow_limiter(&mut limiter),
-                )
+                Memory::new_static(plan, memory, commit_memory_pages, unsafe {
+                    &mut *instance.store()
+                })
                 .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
             );
         }
@@ -538,7 +536,6 @@ impl InstancePool {
         instance: &mut Instance,
         mut tables: impl Iterator<Item = *mut usize>,
         max_elements: u32,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
     ) -> Result<(), InstantiationError> {
         let module = instance.module.as_ref();
 
@@ -555,7 +552,7 @@ impl InstancePool {
 
             let table = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(base, max_elements as usize) };
             instance.tables.push(
-                Table::new_static(plan, table, borrow_limiter(&mut limiter))
+                Table::new_static(plan, table, unsafe { &mut *instance.store() })
                     .map_err(InstantiationError::Resource)?,
             );
         }
@@ -1052,7 +1049,7 @@ unsafe impl InstanceAllocator for PoolingInstanceAllocator {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{Imports, VMSharedSignatureIndex};
+    use crate::{Imports, StorePtr, VMSharedSignatureIndex};
     use wasmtime_environ::{
         EntityRef, Global, GlobalInit, Memory, MemoryPlan, ModuleType, SignatureIndex, Table,
         TablePlan, TableStyle, WasmType,
@@ -1414,7 +1411,7 @@ mod test {
                             },
                             shared_signatures: VMSharedSignatureIndex::default().into(),
                             host_state: Box::new(()),
-                            store: None,
+                            store: StorePtr::empty(),
                             wasm_data: &[],
                         },
                     )
@@ -1438,7 +1435,7 @@ mod test {
                 },
                 shared_signatures: VMSharedSignatureIndex::default().into(),
                 host_state: Box::new(()),
-                store: None,
+                store: StorePtr::empty(),
                 wasm_data: &[],
             },
         ) {
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/uffd.rs b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/uffd.rs
index e82f932eba..df6f18f13b 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/uffd.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/instance/allocator/pooling/uffd.rs
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ mod test {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
         Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceLimits, ModuleLimits,
-        PoolingAllocationStrategy, VMSharedSignatureIndex,
+        PoolingAllocationStrategy, Store, StorePtr, VMSharedSignatureIndex,
     };
     use std::sync::Arc;
     use wasmtime_environ::{Memory, MemoryPlan, MemoryStyle, Module, PrimaryMap, Tunables};
@@ -506,6 +506,58 @@ mod test {
 
             module_limits.validate(&module).expect("should validate");
 
+            // An InstanceAllocationRequest with a module must also have
+            // a non-null StorePtr. Here we mock just enough of a store
+            // to satisfy this test.
+            struct MockStore {
+                table: crate::VMExternRefActivationsTable,
+                info: MockModuleInfo,
+            }
+            unsafe impl Store for MockStore {
+                fn vminterrupts(&self) -> *mut crate::VMInterrupts {
+                    std::ptr::null_mut()
+                }
+                fn externref_activations_table(
+                    &mut self,
+                ) -> (
+                    &mut crate::VMExternRefActivationsTable,
+                    &dyn crate::ModuleInfoLookup,
+                ) {
+                    (&mut self.table, &self.info)
+                }
+                fn memory_growing(
+                    &mut self,
+                    _current: usize,
+                    _desired: usize,
+                    _maximum: Option<usize>,
+                ) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error> {
+                    Ok(true)
+                }
+                fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+                fn table_growing(
+                    &mut self,
+                    _current: u32,
+                    _desired: u32,
+                    _maximum: Option<u32>,
+                ) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error> {
+                    Ok(true)
+                }
+                fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+                fn out_of_gas(&mut self) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+            struct MockModuleInfo;
+            impl crate::ModuleInfoLookup for MockModuleInfo {
+                fn lookup(&self, _pc: usize) -> Option<Arc<dyn crate::ModuleInfo>> {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            let mut mock_store = MockStore {
+                table: crate::VMExternRefActivationsTable::new(),
+                info: MockModuleInfo,
+            };
+
             let mut handles = Vec::new();
             let module = Arc::new(module);
             let functions = &PrimaryMap::new();
@@ -528,7 +580,7 @@ mod test {
                                 },
                                 shared_signatures: VMSharedSignatureIndex::default().into(),
                                 host_state: Box::new(()),
-                                store: None,
+                                store: StorePtr::new(&mut mock_store),
                                 wasm_data: &[],
                             },
                         )
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/lib.rs b/crates/runtime/src/lib.rs
index 4a2ca4d3a2..6fc8e66c3d 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     )
 )]
 
-use std::error::Error;
+use anyhow::Error;
 
 mod export;
 mod externref;
@@ -42,8 +42,7 @@ pub use crate::imports::Imports;
 pub use crate::instance::{
     InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator, InstanceHandle, InstanceLimits,
     InstantiationError, LinkError, ModuleLimits, OnDemandInstanceAllocator,
-    PoolingAllocationStrategy, PoolingInstanceAllocator, ResourceLimiter, DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT,
-    DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT, DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT,
+    PoolingAllocationStrategy, PoolingInstanceAllocator, StorePtr,
 };
 pub use crate::jit_int::GdbJitImageRegistration;
 pub use crate::memory::{Memory, RuntimeLinearMemory, RuntimeMemoryCreator};
@@ -91,11 +90,30 @@ pub unsafe trait Store {
         &mut self,
     ) -> (&mut VMExternRefActivationsTable, &dyn ModuleInfoLookup);
 
-    /// Returns a reference to the store's limiter for limiting resources, if any.
-    fn limiter(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>;
-
+    /// Callback invoked to allow the store's resource limiter to reject a
+    /// memory grow operation.
+    fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: usize,
+        desired: usize,
+        maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error>;
+    /// Callback invoked to notify the store's resource limiter that a memory
+    /// grow operation has failed.
+    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, error: &Error);
+    /// Callback invoked to allow the store's resource limiter to reject a
+    /// table grow operation.
+    fn table_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: u32,
+        desired: u32,
+        maximum: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, Error>;
+    /// Callback invoked to notify the store's resource limiter that a table
+    /// grow operation has failed.
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, error: &Error);
     /// Callback invoked whenever fuel runs out by a wasm instance. If an error
     /// is returned that's raised as a trap. Otherwise wasm execution will
     /// continue as normal.
-    fn out_of_gas(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>;
+    fn out_of_gas(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error>;
 }
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/libcalls.rs b/crates/runtime/src/libcalls.rs
index f307a4dbfe..8d5130950f 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/libcalls.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/libcalls.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 use crate::externref::VMExternRef;
 use crate::instance::Instance;
 use crate::table::{Table, TableElementType};
-use crate::traphandlers::{raise_lib_trap, Trap};
+use crate::traphandlers::{raise_lib_trap, resume_panic, Trap};
 use crate::vmcontext::{VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc, VMContext};
 use backtrace::Backtrace;
 use std::mem;
@@ -190,11 +190,17 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_memory32_grow(
     delta: u64,
     memory_index: u32,
 ) -> usize {
-    let instance = (*vmctx).instance_mut();
-    let memory_index = MemoryIndex::from_u32(memory_index);
-    match instance.memory_grow(memory_index, delta) {
-        Some(size_in_bytes) => size_in_bytes / (wasmtime_environ::WASM_PAGE_SIZE as usize),
-        None => usize::max_value(),
+    // Memory grow can invoke user code provided in a ResourceLimiter{,Async},
+    // so we need to catch a possible panic
+    match std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        let instance = (*vmctx).instance_mut();
+        let memory_index = MemoryIndex::from_u32(memory_index);
+        instance.memory_grow(memory_index, delta)
+    }) {
+        Ok(Ok(Some(size_in_bytes))) => size_in_bytes / (wasmtime_environ::WASM_PAGE_SIZE as usize),
+        Ok(Ok(None)) => usize::max_value(),
+        Ok(Err(err)) => crate::traphandlers::raise_user_trap(err),
+        Err(p) => resume_panic(p),
     }
 }
 
@@ -207,22 +213,29 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_table_grow(
     // or is a `VMExternRef` until we look at the table type.
     init_value: *mut u8,
 ) -> u32 {
-    let instance = (*vmctx).instance_mut();
-    let table_index = TableIndex::from_u32(table_index);
-    let element = match instance.table_element_type(table_index) {
-        TableElementType::Func => (init_value as *mut VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc).into(),
-        TableElementType::Extern => {
-            let init_value = if init_value.is_null() {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(VMExternRef::clone_from_raw(init_value))
-            };
-            init_value.into()
-        }
-    };
-    instance
-        .table_grow(table_index, delta, element)
-        .unwrap_or(-1_i32 as u32)
+    // Table grow can invoke user code provided in a ResourceLimiter{,Async},
+    // so we need to catch a possible panic
+    match std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
+        let instance = (*vmctx).instance_mut();
+        let table_index = TableIndex::from_u32(table_index);
+        let element = match instance.table_element_type(table_index) {
+            TableElementType::Func => (init_value as *mut VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc).into(),
+            TableElementType::Extern => {
+                let init_value = if init_value.is_null() {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(VMExternRef::clone_from_raw(init_value))
+                };
+                init_value.into()
+            }
+        };
+        instance.table_grow(table_index, delta, element)
+    }) {
+        Ok(Ok(Some(r))) => r,
+        Ok(Ok(None)) => -1_i32 as u32,
+        Ok(Err(err)) => crate::traphandlers::raise_user_trap(err),
+        Err(p) => resume_panic(p),
+    }
 }
 
 /// Implementation of `table.fill`.
@@ -436,15 +449,6 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_externref_global_set(
     drop(old);
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct Unimplemented(&'static str);
-impl std::error::Error for Unimplemented {}
-impl std::fmt::Display for Unimplemented {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::result::Result<(), std::fmt::Error> {
-        write!(f, "unimplemented: {}", self.0)
-    }
-}
-
 /// Implementation of `memory.atomic.notify` for locally defined memories.
 pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_notify(
     vmctx: *mut VMContext,
@@ -460,9 +464,9 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_notify(
         // just to be sure.
         let addr_to_check = addr.checked_add(4).unwrap();
         validate_atomic_addr(instance, memory, addr_to_check).and_then(|()| {
-            Err(Trap::User(Box::new(Unimplemented(
-                "wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_notify) unsupported",
-            ))))
+            Err(Trap::User(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "unimplemented: wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_notify) unsupported",
+            )))
         })
     };
     match result {
@@ -486,9 +490,9 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait32(
         // but we still double-check
         let addr_to_check = addr.checked_add(4).unwrap();
         validate_atomic_addr(instance, memory, addr_to_check).and_then(|()| {
-            Err(Trap::User(Box::new(Unimplemented(
-                "wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait32) unsupported",
-            ))))
+            Err(Trap::User(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "unimplemented: wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait32) unsupported",
+            )))
         })
     };
     match result {
@@ -512,9 +516,9 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait64(
         // but we still double-check
         let addr_to_check = addr.checked_add(8).unwrap();
         validate_atomic_addr(instance, memory, addr_to_check).and_then(|()| {
-            Err(Trap::User(Box::new(Unimplemented(
-                "wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait64) unsupported",
-            ))))
+            Err(Trap::User(anyhow::anyhow!(
+                "unimplemented: wasm atomics (fn wasmtime_memory_atomic_wait64) unsupported",
+            )))
         })
     };
     match result {
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/memory.rs b/crates/runtime/src/memory.rs
index 0f25c7a1d8..5a69d2136e 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/memory.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/memory.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 
 use crate::mmap::Mmap;
 use crate::vmcontext::VMMemoryDefinition;
-use crate::ResourceLimiter;
-use anyhow::{bail, format_err, Error, Result};
+use crate::Store;
+use anyhow::Error;
+use anyhow::{bail, format_err, Result};
 use more_asserts::{assert_ge, assert_le};
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 use wasmtime_environ::{MemoryPlan, MemoryStyle, WASM32_MAX_PAGES, WASM64_MAX_PAGES};
@@ -212,33 +213,14 @@ pub enum Memory {
     Dynamic(Box<dyn RuntimeLinearMemory>),
 }
 
-fn memory_growing(
-    limiter: &mut Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-    current: usize,
-    desired: usize,
-    maximum: Option<usize>,
-) -> bool {
-    match limiter {
-        Some(ref mut l) => l.memory_growing(current, desired, maximum),
-        None => true,
-    }
-}
-
-fn memory_grow_failed(limiter: &mut Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>, error: &Error) {
-    match limiter {
-        Some(l) => l.memory_grow_failed(error),
-        None => {}
-    }
-}
-
 impl Memory {
     /// Create a new dynamic (movable) memory instance for the specified plan.
     pub fn new_dynamic(
         plan: &MemoryPlan,
         creator: &dyn RuntimeMemoryCreator,
-        limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
+        store: &mut dyn Store,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (minimum, maximum) = Self::limit_new(plan, limiter)?;
+        let (minimum, maximum) = Self::limit_new(plan, store)?;
         Ok(Memory::Dynamic(creator.new_memory(plan, minimum, maximum)?))
     }
 
@@ -247,9 +229,9 @@ impl Memory {
         plan: &MemoryPlan,
         base: &'static mut [u8],
         make_accessible: fn(*mut u8, usize) -> Result<()>,
-        limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
+        store: &mut dyn Store,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let (minimum, maximum) = Self::limit_new(plan, limiter)?;
+        let (minimum, maximum) = Self::limit_new(plan, store)?;
 
         let base = match maximum {
             Some(max) if max < base.len() => &mut base[..max],
@@ -269,15 +251,11 @@ impl Memory {
         })
     }
 
-    /// Calls the `limiter`, if specified, to optionally prevent a memory from
-    /// being allocated.
+    /// Calls the `store`'s limiter to optionally prevent a memory from being allocated.
     ///
     /// Returns the minimum size and optional maximum size of the memory, in
     /// bytes.
-    fn limit_new(
-        plan: &MemoryPlan,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-    ) -> Result<(usize, Option<usize>)> {
+    fn limit_new(plan: &MemoryPlan, store: &mut dyn Store) -> Result<(usize, Option<usize>)> {
         // Sanity-check what should already be true from wasm module validation.
         let absolute_max = if plan.memory.memory64 {
             WASM64_MAX_PAGES
@@ -291,7 +269,7 @@ impl Memory {
         // allocate, which is our entire address space minus a wasm page. That
         // shouldn't ever actually work in terms of an allocation because
         // presumably the kernel wants *something* for itself, but this is used
-        // to pass to the `limiter` specified, if present, for a requested size
+        // to pass to the `store`'s limiter for a requested size
         // to approximate the scale of the request that the wasm module is
         // making. This is necessary because the limiter works on `usize` bytes
         // whereas we're working with possibly-overflowing `u64` calculations
@@ -302,7 +280,7 @@ impl Memory {
 
         // If the minimum memory size overflows the size of our own address
         // space, then we can't satisfy this request, but defer the error to
-        // later so the `limiter` can be informed that an effective oom is
+        // later so the `store` can be informed that an effective oom is
         // happening.
         let minimum = plan
             .memory
@@ -332,13 +310,13 @@ impl Memory {
             maximum = usize::try_from(1u64 << 32).ok();
         }
 
-        // Inform the limiter what's about to happen. This will let the limiter
+        // Inform the store's limiter what's about to happen. This will let the limiter
         // reject anything if necessary, and this also guarantees that we should
         // call the limiter for all requested memories, even if our `minimum`
         // calculation overflowed. This means that the `minimum` we're informing
         // the limiter is lossy and may not be 100% accurate, but for now the
-        // expected uses of `limiter` means that's ok.
-        if !memory_growing(&mut limiter, 0, minimum.unwrap_or(absolute_max), maximum) {
+        // expected uses of limiter means that's ok.
+        if !store.memory_growing(0, minimum.unwrap_or(absolute_max), maximum)? {
             bail!(
                 "memory minimum size of {} pages exceeds memory limits",
                 plan.memory.minimum
@@ -400,15 +378,18 @@ impl Memory {
     ///
     /// Generally, prefer using `InstanceHandle::memory_grow`, which encapsulates
     /// this unsafety.
+    ///
+    /// Ensure that the provided Store is not used to get access any Memory
+    /// which lives inside it.
     pub unsafe fn grow(
         &mut self,
         delta_pages: u64,
-        mut limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-    ) -> Option<usize> {
+        store: &mut dyn Store,
+    ) -> Result<Option<usize>, Error> {
         let old_byte_size = self.byte_size();
         // Wasm spec: when growing by 0 pages, always return the current size.
         if delta_pages == 0 {
-            return Some(old_byte_size);
+            return Ok(Some(old_byte_size));
         }
 
         // largest wasm-page-aligned region of memory it is possible to
@@ -428,16 +409,16 @@ impl Memory {
         };
 
         let maximum = self.maximum_byte_size();
-        // Limiter gets first chance to reject memory_growing.
-        if !memory_growing(&mut limiter, old_byte_size, new_byte_size, maximum) {
-            return None;
+        // Store limiter gets first chance to reject memory_growing.
+        if !store.memory_growing(old_byte_size, new_byte_size, maximum)? {
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
         // Never exceed maximum, even if limiter permitted it.
         if let Some(max) = maximum {
             if new_byte_size > max {
-                memory_grow_failed(&mut limiter, &format_err!("Memory maximum size exceeded"));
-                return None;
+                store.memory_grow_failed(&format_err!("Memory maximum size exceeded"));
+                return Ok(None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -445,7 +426,10 @@ impl Memory {
         {
             if self.is_static() {
                 // Reset any faulted guard pages before growing the memory.
-                self.reset_guard_pages().ok()?;
+                if let Err(e) = self.reset_guard_pages() {
+                    store.memory_grow_failed(&e);
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
             }
         }
 
@@ -458,25 +442,28 @@ impl Memory {
             } => {
                 // Never exceed static memory size
                 if new_byte_size > base.len() {
-                    memory_grow_failed(&mut limiter, &format_err!("static memory size exceeded"));
-                    return None;
+                    store.memory_grow_failed(&format_err!("static memory size exceeded"));
+                    return Ok(None);
                 }
 
                 // Operating system can fail to make memory accessible
-                let r = make_accessible(
+                if let Err(e) = make_accessible(
                     base.as_mut_ptr().add(old_byte_size),
                     new_byte_size - old_byte_size,
-                );
-                r.map_err(|e| memory_grow_failed(&mut limiter, &e)).ok()?;
-
+                ) {
+                    store.memory_grow_failed(&e);
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
                 *size = new_byte_size;
             }
             Memory::Dynamic(mem) => {
-                let r = mem.grow_to(new_byte_size);
-                r.map_err(|e| memory_grow_failed(&mut limiter, &e)).ok()?;
+                if let Err(e) = mem.grow_to(new_byte_size) {
+                    store.memory_grow_failed(&e);
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
             }
         }
-        Some(old_byte_size)
+        Ok(Some(old_byte_size))
     }
 
     /// Return a `VMMemoryDefinition` for exposing the memory to compiled wasm code.
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/table.rs b/crates/runtime/src/table.rs
index c6e977d308..53a1f8b7b3 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/table.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/table.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 //! `Table` is to WebAssembly tables what `LinearMemory` is to WebAssembly linear memories.
 
 use crate::vmcontext::{VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc, VMTableDefinition};
-use crate::{ResourceLimiter, Trap, VMExternRef};
-use anyhow::{bail, Result};
+use crate::{Store, Trap, VMExternRef};
+use anyhow::{bail, format_err, Error, Result};
 use std::convert::{TryFrom, TryInto};
 use std::ops::Range;
 use std::ptr;
@@ -137,11 +137,8 @@ fn wasm_to_table_type(ty: WasmType) -> Result<TableElementType> {
 
 impl Table {
     /// Create a new dynamic (movable) table instance for the specified table plan.
-    pub fn new_dynamic(
-        plan: &TablePlan,
-        limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        Self::limit_new(plan, limiter)?;
+    pub fn new_dynamic(plan: &TablePlan, store: &mut dyn Store) -> Result<Self> {
+        Self::limit_new(plan, store)?;
         let elements = vec![0; plan.table.minimum as usize];
         let ty = wasm_to_table_type(plan.table.wasm_ty)?;
         let maximum = plan.table.maximum;
@@ -157,9 +154,9 @@ impl Table {
     pub fn new_static(
         plan: &TablePlan,
         data: &'static mut [usize],
-        limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
+        store: &mut dyn Store,
     ) -> Result<Self> {
-        Self::limit_new(plan, limiter)?;
+        Self::limit_new(plan, store)?;
         let size = plan.table.minimum;
         let ty = wasm_to_table_type(plan.table.wasm_ty)?;
         let data = match plan.table.maximum {
@@ -170,14 +167,12 @@ impl Table {
         Ok(Table::Static { data, size, ty })
     }
 
-    fn limit_new(plan: &TablePlan, limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>) -> Result<()> {
-        if let Some(limiter) = limiter {
-            if !limiter.table_growing(0, plan.table.minimum, plan.table.maximum) {
-                bail!(
-                    "table minimum size of {} elements exceeds table limits",
-                    plan.table.minimum
-                );
-            }
+    fn limit_new(plan: &TablePlan, store: &mut dyn Store) -> Result<()> {
+        if !store.table_growing(0, plan.table.minimum, plan.table.maximum)? {
+            bail!(
+                "table minimum size of {} elements exceeds table limits",
+                plan.table.minimum
+            );
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -292,20 +287,22 @@ impl Table {
         &mut self,
         delta: u32,
         init_value: TableElement,
-        limiter: Option<&mut dyn ResourceLimiter>,
-    ) -> Option<u32> {
+        store: &mut dyn Store,
+    ) -> Result<Option<u32>, Error> {
         let old_size = self.size();
-        let new_size = old_size.checked_add(delta)?;
+        let new_size = match old_size.checked_add(delta) {
+            Some(s) => s,
+            None => return Ok(None),
+        };
 
-        if let Some(limiter) = limiter {
-            if !limiter.table_growing(old_size, new_size, self.maximum()) {
-                return None;
-            }
+        if !store.table_growing(old_size, new_size, self.maximum())? {
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
         if let Some(max) = self.maximum() {
             if new_size > max {
-                return None;
+                store.table_grow_failed(&format_err!("Table maximum size exceeded"));
+                return Ok(None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -327,7 +324,7 @@ impl Table {
         self.fill(old_size, init_value, delta)
             .expect("table should not be out of bounds");
 
-        Some(old_size)
+        Ok(Some(old_size))
     }
 
     /// Get reference to the specified element.
diff --git a/crates/runtime/src/traphandlers.rs b/crates/runtime/src/traphandlers.rs
index ad78dcb05b..af60c2f4c3 100644
--- a/crates/runtime/src/traphandlers.rs
+++ b/crates/runtime/src/traphandlers.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 //! signalhandling mechanisms.
 
 use crate::{VMContext, VMInterrupts};
+use anyhow::Error;
 use backtrace::Backtrace;
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::cell::{Cell, UnsafeCell};
-use std::error::Error;
 use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
 use std::ptr;
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst;
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ pub fn init_traps(is_wasm_pc: fn(usize) -> bool) {
 /// Only safe to call when wasm code is on the stack, aka `catch_traps` must
 /// have been previously called. Additionally no Rust destructors can be on the
 /// stack. They will be skipped and not executed.
-pub unsafe fn raise_user_trap(data: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>) -> ! {
+pub unsafe fn raise_user_trap(data: Error) -> ! {
     tls::with(|info| info.unwrap().unwind_with(UnwindReason::UserTrap(data)))
 }
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub unsafe fn resume_panic(payload: Box<dyn Any + Send>) -> ! {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum Trap {
     /// A user-raised trap through `raise_user_trap`.
-    User(Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
+    User(Error),
 
     /// A trap raised from jit code
     Jit {
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ pub struct CallThreadState {
 
 enum UnwindReason {
     Panic(Box<dyn Any + Send>),
-    UserTrap(Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
+    UserTrap(Error),
     LibTrap(Trap),
     JitTrap { backtrace: Backtrace, pc: usize },
 }
@@ -431,9 +431,12 @@ mod tls {
             // null out our own previous field for safety in case it's
             // accidentally used later.
             let raw = raw::get();
-            assert!(!raw.is_null());
-            let prev = (*raw).prev.replace(ptr::null());
-            raw::replace(prev)?;
+            if !raw.is_null() {
+                let prev = (*raw).prev.replace(ptr::null());
+                raw::replace(prev)?;
+            }
+            // Null case: we aren't in a wasm context, so theres no tls
+            // to save for restoration.
             Ok(TlsRestore(raw))
         }
 
@@ -442,6 +445,11 @@ mod tls {
         /// This is unsafe because it's intended to only be used within the
         /// context of stack switching within wasmtime.
         pub unsafe fn replace(self) -> Result<(), Box<super::Trap>> {
+            // Null case: we aren't in a wasm context, so theres no tls
+            // to restore.
+            if self.0.is_null() {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
             // We need to configure our previous TLS pointer to whatever is in
             // TLS at this time, and then we set the current state to ourselves.
             let prev = raw::get();
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/Cargo.toml b/crates/wasmtime/Cargo.toml
index 188920241f..daa9edadaf 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ psm = "0.1.11"
 lazy_static = "1.4"
 rayon = { version = "1.0", optional = true }
 object = { version = "0.27", default-features = false, features = ['read_core', 'elf'] }
+async-trait = { version = "0.1.51", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "windows")'.dependencies]
 winapi = "0.3.7"
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ cache = ["wasmtime-cache"]
 
 # Enables support for "async stores" as well as defining host functions as
 # `async fn` and calling functions asynchronously.
-async = ["wasmtime-fiber", "wasmtime-runtime/async"]
+async = ["wasmtime-fiber", "wasmtime-runtime/async", "async-trait"]
 
 # Enables userfaultfd support in the runtime's pooling allocator when building on Linux
 uffd = ["wasmtime-runtime/uffd"]
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/externals.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/externals.rs
index 6324bac13e..047291ba34 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/externals.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/externals.rs
@@ -406,6 +406,14 @@ impl Table {
     /// Returns an error if `init` does not match the element type of the table,
     /// or if `init` does not belong to the `store` provided.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a [`Store`](`crate::Store`)
+    /// which has a [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`)
+    /// (see also: [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`).
+    /// When using an async resource limiter, use [`Table::new_async`]
+    /// instead.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -436,6 +444,34 @@ impl Table {
         Table::_new(store.as_context_mut().0, ty, init)
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    /// Async variant of [`Table::new`]. You must use this variant with
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`)s which have a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`)
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn new_async<T>(
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        ty: TableType,
+        init: Val,
+    ) -> Result<Table>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store
+            .on_fiber(|store| Table::_new(store.0, ty, init))
+            .await?
+    }
+
     fn _new(store: &mut StoreOpaque, ty: TableType, init: Val) -> Result<Table> {
         let wasmtime_export = generate_table_export(store, &ty)?;
         let init = init.into_table_element(store, ty.element())?;
@@ -545,13 +581,19 @@ impl Table {
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if `store` does not own this table.
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a [`Store`](`crate::Store`)
+    /// which has a [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`)
+    /// (see also: [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`)).
+    /// When using an async resource limiter, use [`Table::grow_async`]
+    /// instead.
     pub fn grow(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut, delta: u32, init: Val) -> Result<u32> {
         let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
         let ty = self.ty(&store).element().clone();
         let init = init.into_table_element(store, ty)?;
         let table = self.wasmtime_table(store);
         unsafe {
-            match (*table).grow(delta, init, store.limiter()) {
+            match (*table).grow(delta, init, store)? {
                 Some(size) => {
                     let vm = (*table).vmtable();
                     *store[self.0].definition = vm;
@@ -562,6 +604,34 @@ impl Table {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    /// Async variant of [`Table::grow`]. Required when using a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn grow_async<T>(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        delta: u32,
+        init: Val,
+    ) -> Result<u32>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `grow_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store
+            .on_fiber(|store| self.grow(store, delta, init))
+            .await?
+    }
+
     /// Copy `len` elements from `src_table[src_index..]` into
     /// `dst_table[dst_index..]`.
     ///
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/func.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/func.rs
index dd8877e8f9..c011b52d27 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/func.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/func.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ use crate::{
     StoreContext, StoreContextMut, Trap, Val, ValRaw, ValType,
 };
 use anyhow::{bail, Context as _, Result};
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::mem;
 use std::panic::{self, AssertUnwindSafe};
@@ -1784,25 +1782,6 @@ impl<T> AsContextMut for Caller<'_, T> {
     }
 }
 
-fn cross_store_trap() -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    struct CrossStoreError;
-
-    impl Error for CrossStoreError {}
-
-    impl fmt::Display for CrossStoreError {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-            write!(
-                f,
-                "host function attempted to return cross-`Store` \
-                 value to Wasm",
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
-    Box::new(CrossStoreError)
-}
-
 macro_rules! impl_into_func {
     ($num:tt $($args:ident)*) => {
         // Implement for functions without a leading `&Caller` parameter,
@@ -1852,7 +1831,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_into_func {
                 {
                     enum CallResult<U> {
                         Ok(U),
-                        Trap(Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>),
+                        Trap(anyhow::Error),
                         Panic(Box<dyn std::any::Any + Send>),
                     }
 
@@ -1901,7 +1880,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_into_func {
                                 // can't assume it returned a value that is
                                 // compatible with this store.
                                 if !ret.compatible_with_store(caller.store.0) {
-                                    CallResult::Trap(cross_store_trap())
+                                    CallResult::Trap(anyhow::anyhow!("host function attempted to return cross-`Store` value to Wasm"))
                                 } else {
                                     match ret.into_abi_for_ret(caller.store.0, retptr) {
                                         Ok(val) => CallResult::Ok(val),
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/instance.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/instance.rs
index bd7afcfba8..bced7cfe4c 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/instance.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/instance.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use wasmtime_environ::{
 };
 use wasmtime_jit::TypeTables;
 use wasmtime_runtime::{
-    Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstantiationError, VMContext, VMFunctionBody,
+    Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstantiationError, StorePtr, VMContext, VMFunctionBody,
     VMFunctionImport, VMGlobalImport, VMMemoryImport, VMTableImport,
 };
 
@@ -126,6 +126,11 @@ impl Instance {
             typecheck_externs(store.0, module, imports)?;
             Instantiator::new(store.0, module, ImportSource::Externs(imports))?
         };
+        assert!(
+            !store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new` when async support is enabled on the config"
+        );
+
         i.run(&mut store)
     }
 
@@ -162,7 +167,14 @@ impl Instance {
             typecheck_externs(store.0, module, imports)?;
             Instantiator::new(store.0, module, ImportSource::Externs(imports))?
         };
-        i.run_async(&mut store).await
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store
+            .on_fiber(|store| i.run(&mut store.as_context_mut()))
+            .await?
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_wasmtime(handle: InstanceData, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Instance {
@@ -472,13 +484,6 @@ impl<'a> Instantiator<'a> {
     }
 
     fn run<T>(&mut self, store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>) -> Result<Instance, Error> {
-        assert!(
-            !store.0.async_support(),
-            "cannot use `new` when async support is enabled on the config"
-        );
-
-        // NB: this is the same code as `run_async`. It's intentionally
-        // small but should be kept in sync (modulo the async bits).
         loop {
             if let Some((instance, start, toplevel)) = self.step(store.0)? {
                 if let Some(start) = start {
@@ -491,33 +496,6 @@ impl<'a> Instantiator<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
-    async fn run_async<T>(&mut self, store: &mut StoreContextMut<'_, T>) -> Result<Instance, Error>
-    where
-        T: Send,
-    {
-        assert!(
-            store.0.async_support(),
-            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
-        );
-
-        // NB: this is the same code as `run`. It's intentionally
-        // small but should be kept in sync (modulo the async bits).
-        loop {
-            let step = self.step(store.0)?;
-            if let Some((instance, start, toplevel)) = step {
-                if let Some(start) = start {
-                    store
-                        .on_fiber(|store| Instantiator::start_raw(store, instance, start))
-                        .await??;
-                }
-                if toplevel {
-                    break Ok(instance);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Processes the next initializer for the next instance being created
     /// without running any wasm code.
     ///
@@ -734,7 +712,7 @@ impl<'a> Instantiator<'a> {
                         imports: self.cur.build(),
                         shared_signatures: self.cur.module.signatures().as_module_map().into(),
                         host_state: Box::new(Instance(instance_to_be)),
-                        store: Some(store.traitobj()),
+                        store: StorePtr::new(store.traitobj()),
                         wasm_data: compiled_module.wasm_data(),
                     })?;
 
@@ -1002,7 +980,15 @@ impl<T> InstancePre<T> {
                 ImportSource::Definitions(&self.items),
             )?
         };
-        i.run_async(&mut store.as_context_mut()).await
+
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store
+            .on_fiber(|store| i.run(&mut store.as_context_mut()))
+            .await?
     }
 
     fn ensure_comes_from_same_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> Result<()> {
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/limits.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/limits.rs
index 6f9ca1e23e..687f01371c 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/limits.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/limits.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,133 @@
-pub use wasmtime_runtime::ResourceLimiter;
+/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::instances`] default method
+pub const DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
+/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::tables`] default method
+pub const DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
+/// Value returned by [`ResourceLimiter::memories`] default method
+pub const DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT: usize = 10000;
+
+/// Used by hosts to limit resource consumption of instances.
+///
+/// An instance can be created with a resource limiter so that hosts can take into account
+/// non-WebAssembly resource usage to determine if a linear memory or table should grow.
+pub trait ResourceLimiter {
+    /// Notifies the resource limiter that an instance's linear memory has been
+    /// requested to grow.
+    ///
+    /// * `current` is the current size of the linear memory in bytes.
+    /// * `desired` is the desired size of the linear memory in bytes.
+    /// * `maximum` is either the linear memory's maximum or a maximum from an
+    ///   instance allocator, also in bytes. A value of `None`
+    ///   indicates that the linear memory is unbounded.
+    ///
+    /// This function should return `true` to indicate that the growing
+    /// operation is permitted or `false` if not permitted. Returning `true`
+    /// when a maximum has been exceeded will have no effect as the linear
+    /// memory will not grow.
+    ///
+    /// This function is not guaranteed to be invoked for all requests to
+    /// `memory.grow`. Requests where the allocation requested size doesn't fit
+    /// in `usize` or exceeds the memory's listed maximum size may not invoke
+    /// this method.
+    fn memory_growing(&mut self, current: usize, desired: usize, maximum: Option<usize>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Notifies the resource limiter that growing a linear memory, permitted by
+    /// the `memory_growing` method, has failed.
+    ///
+    /// Reasons for failure include: the growth exceeds the `maximum` passed to
+    /// `memory_growing`, or the operating system failed to allocate additional
+    /// memory. In that case, `error` might be downcastable to a `std::io::Error`.
+    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+
+    /// Notifies the resource limiter that an instance's table has been requested to grow.
+    ///
+    /// * `current` is the current number of elements in the table.
+    /// * `desired` is the desired number of elements in the table.
+    /// * `maximum` is either the table's maximum or a maximum from an instance allocator.
+    ///   A value of `None` indicates that the table is unbounded.
+    ///
+    /// This function should return `true` to indicate that the growing operation is permitted or
+    /// `false` if not permitted. Returning `true` when a maximum has been exceeded will have no
+    /// effect as the table will not grow.
+    fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Notifies the resource limiter that growing a linear memory, permitted by
+    /// the `table_growing` method, has failed.
+    ///
+    /// Reasons for failure include: the growth exceeds the `maximum` passed to
+    /// `table_growing`. This could expand in the future.
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+
+    /// The maximum number of instances that can be created for a `Store`.
+    ///
+    /// Module instantiation will fail if this limit is exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
+    fn instances(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT
+    }
+
+    /// The maximum number of tables that can be created for a `Store`.
+    ///
+    /// Module instantiation will fail if this limit is exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
+    fn tables(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT
+    }
+
+    /// The maximum number of linear memories that can be created for a `Store`
+    ///
+    /// Instantiation will fail with an error if this limit is exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// This value defaults to 10,000.
+    fn memories(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+/// Used by hosts to limit resource consumption of instances.  Identical to
+/// [`ResourceLimiter`], except that the `memory_growing` and `table_growing`
+/// functions are async. Must be used with an async [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+///
+/// This trait is used with
+/// [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`)`: see those docs
+/// for restrictions on using other Wasmtime interfaces with an async resource
+/// limiter.
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+pub trait ResourceLimiterAsync {
+    /// Async version of [`ResourceLimiter::memory_growing`]
+    async fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: usize,
+        desired: usize,
+        maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    /// Identical to [`ResourceLimiter::memory_grow_failed`]
+    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+
+    /// Asynchronous version of [`ResourceLimiter::table_growing`]
+    async fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool;
+
+    /// Identical to [`ResourceLimiter::table_grow_failed`]
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, _error: &anyhow::Error) {}
+
+    /// Identical to [`ResourceLimiter::instances`]`
+    fn instances(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT
+    }
+
+    /// Identical to [`ResourceLimiter::tables`]`
+    fn tables(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT
+    }
+
+    /// Identical to [`ResourceLimiter::memories`]`
+    fn memories(&self) -> usize {
+        DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT
+    }
+}
 
 /// Used to build [`StoreLimits`].
 pub struct StoreLimitsBuilder(StoreLimits);
@@ -79,13 +208,14 @@ impl Default for StoreLimits {
         Self {
             memory_size: None,
             table_elements: None,
-            instances: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT,
-            tables: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT,
-            memories: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT,
+            instances: DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT,
+            tables: DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT,
+            memories: DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT,
         }
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "async", async_trait::async_trait)]
 impl ResourceLimiter for StoreLimits {
     fn memory_growing(&mut self, _current: usize, desired: usize, _maximum: Option<usize>) -> bool {
         match self.memory_size {
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/memory.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/memory.rs
index a1b305118b..596e11537f 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/memory.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/memory.rs
@@ -202,6 +202,13 @@ impl Memory {
     /// The `store` argument will be the owner of the returned [`Memory`]. All
     /// WebAssembly memory is initialized to zero.
     ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the [`Store`](`crate::Store`) has a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`) (see also:
+    /// [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`)). When
+    /// using an async resource limiter, use [`Memory::new_async`] instead.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -223,6 +230,31 @@ impl Memory {
         Memory::_new(store.as_context_mut().0, ty)
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    /// Async variant of [`Memory::new`]. You must use this variant with
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`)s which have a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn new_async<T>(
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        ty: MemoryType,
+    ) -> Result<Memory>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store.on_fiber(|store| Memory::_new(store.0, ty)).await?
+    }
+
     fn _new(store: &mut StoreOpaque, ty: MemoryType) -> Result<Memory> {
         unsafe {
             let export = generate_memory_export(store, &ty)?;
@@ -437,6 +469,11 @@ impl Memory {
     ///
     /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
     ///
+    /// This function will panic if the [`Store`](`crate::Store`) has a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`) (see also:
+    /// [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`). When using an
+    /// async resource limiter, use [`Memory::grow_async`] instead.
+    ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
@@ -461,7 +498,7 @@ impl Memory {
         let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
         let mem = self.wasmtime_memory(store);
         unsafe {
-            match (*mem).grow(delta, store.limiter()) {
+            match (*mem).grow(delta, store)? {
                 Some(size) => {
                     let vm = (*mem).vmmemory();
                     *store[self.0].definition = vm;
@@ -472,6 +509,30 @@ impl Memory {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    /// Async variant of [`Memory::grow`]. Required when using a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn grow_async<T>(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        delta: u64,
+    ) -> Result<u64>
+    where
+        T: Send,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `grow_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store.on_fiber(|store| self.grow(store, delta)).await?
+    }
     fn wasmtime_memory(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> *mut wasmtime_runtime::Memory {
         unsafe {
             let export = &store[self.0];
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/store.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/store.rs
index 365574bd11..38bda4a734 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/store.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/store.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ use anyhow::{bail, Result};
 use std::cell::UnsafeCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
-use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::marker;
@@ -93,8 +92,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::task::{Context, Poll};
 use wasmtime_runtime::{
     InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator, InstanceHandle, ModuleInfo,
-    OnDemandInstanceAllocator, SignalHandler, VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc, VMContext, VMExternRef,
-    VMExternRefActivationsTable, VMInterrupts, VMSharedSignatureIndex, VMTrampoline,
+    OnDemandInstanceAllocator, SignalHandler, StorePtr, VMCallerCheckedAnyfunc, VMContext,
+    VMExternRef, VMExternRefActivationsTable, VMInterrupts, VMSharedSignatureIndex, VMTrampoline,
 };
 
 mod context;
@@ -197,12 +196,18 @@ pub struct StoreInner<T> {
     /// Generic metadata about the store that doesn't need access to `T`.
     inner: StoreOpaque,
 
-    limiter: Option<Box<dyn FnMut(&mut T) -> &mut (dyn crate::ResourceLimiter) + Send + Sync>>,
+    limiter: Option<ResourceLimiterInner<T>>,
     call_hook: Option<Box<dyn FnMut(&mut T, CallHook) -> Result<(), crate::Trap> + Send + Sync>>,
     // for comments about `ManuallyDrop`, see `Store::into_data`
     data: ManuallyDrop<T>,
 }
 
+enum ResourceLimiterInner<T> {
+    Sync(Box<dyn FnMut(&mut T) -> &mut (dyn crate::ResourceLimiter) + Send + Sync>),
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    Async(Box<dyn FnMut(&mut T) -> &mut (dyn crate::ResourceLimiterAsync) + Send + Sync>),
+}
+
 // Forward methods on `StoreOpaque` to also being on `StoreInner<T>`
 impl<T> Deref for StoreInner<T> {
     type Target = StoreOpaque;
@@ -402,7 +407,7 @@ impl<T> Store<T> {
                     shared_signatures: None.into(),
                     imports: Default::default(),
                     module: Arc::new(wasmtime_environ::Module::default()),
-                    store: None,
+                    store: StorePtr::empty(),
                     wasm_data: &[],
                 })
                 .expect("failed to allocate default callee")
@@ -418,11 +423,11 @@ impl<T> Store<T> {
                 modules: ModuleRegistry::default(),
                 host_trampolines: HashMap::default(),
                 instance_count: 0,
-                instance_limit: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT,
+                instance_limit: crate::DEFAULT_INSTANCE_LIMIT,
                 memory_count: 0,
-                memory_limit: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT,
+                memory_limit: crate::DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT,
                 table_count: 0,
-                table_limit: wasmtime_runtime::DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT,
+                table_limit: crate::DEFAULT_TABLE_LIMIT,
                 fuel_adj: 0,
                 #[cfg(feature = "async")]
                 async_state: AsyncState {
@@ -525,7 +530,56 @@ impl<T> Store<T> {
         innermost.memory_limit = memory_limit;
 
         // Save the limiter accessor function:
-        inner.limiter = Some(Box::new(limiter));
+        inner.limiter = Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Sync(Box::new(limiter)));
+    }
+
+    #[cfg_attr(nightlydoc, doc(cfg(feature = "async")))]
+    /// Configures the [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](crate::ResourceLimiterAsync)
+    /// used to limit resource creation within this [`Store`]. Must be used
+    /// with an async `Store`!.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this limiter is only used to limit the creation/growth of
+    /// resources in the future, this does not retroactively attempt to apply
+    /// limits to the [`Store`].
+    ///
+    /// This variation on the [`ResourceLimiter`](`crate::ResourceLimiter`)
+    /// makes the `memory_growing` and `table_growing` functions `async`. This
+    /// means that, as part of your resource limiting strategy, the async
+    /// resource limiter may yield execution until a resource becomes
+    /// available.
+    ///
+    /// By using a [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`)
+    /// with a [`Store`], you can no longer use
+    /// [`Memory::new`](`crate::Memory::new`),
+    /// [`Memory::grow`](`crate::Memory::grow`),
+    /// [`Table::new`](`crate::Table::new`), and
+    /// [`Table::grow`](`crate::Table::grow`). Instead, you must use their
+    /// `async` variants: [`Memory::new_async`](`crate::Memory::new_async`),
+    /// [`Memory::grow_async`](`crate::Memory::grow_async`),
+    /// [`Table::new_async`](`crate::Table::new_async`), and
+    /// [`Table::grow_async`](`crate::Table::grow_async`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub fn limiter_async(
+        &mut self,
+        mut limiter: impl FnMut(&mut T) -> &mut (dyn crate::ResourceLimiterAsync)
+            + Send
+            + Sync
+            + 'static,
+    ) {
+        debug_assert!(self.inner.async_support());
+        // Apply the limits on instances, tables, and memory given by the limiter:
+        let inner = &mut self.inner;
+        let (instance_limit, table_limit, memory_limit) = {
+            let l = limiter(&mut inner.data);
+            (l.instances(), l.tables(), l.memories())
+        };
+        let innermost = &mut inner.inner;
+        innermost.instance_limit = instance_limit;
+        innermost.table_limit = table_limit;
+        innermost.memory_limit = memory_limit;
+
+        // Save the limiter accessor function:
+        inner.limiter = Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Async(Box::new(limiter)));
     }
 
     /// Configure a function that runs on calls and returns between WebAssembly
@@ -872,11 +926,6 @@ impl<T> StoreInner<T> {
         &mut self.data
     }
 
-    pub fn limiter(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn crate::limits::ResourceLimiter> {
-        let accessor = self.limiter.as_mut()?;
-        Some(accessor(&mut self.data))
-    }
-
     pub fn call_hook(&mut self, s: CallHook) -> Result<(), Trap> {
         if let Some(hook) = &mut self.call_hook {
             hook(&mut self.data, s)
@@ -1496,20 +1545,109 @@ unsafe impl<T> wasmtime_runtime::Store for StoreInner<T> {
         (&mut inner.externref_activations_table, &inner.modules)
     }
 
-    fn limiter(&mut self) -> Option<&mut dyn wasmtime_runtime::ResourceLimiter> {
-        <Self>::limiter(self)
+    fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: usize,
+        desired: usize,
+        maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error> {
+        // Need to borrow async_cx before the mut borrow of the limiter.
+        // self.async_cx() panicks when used with a non-async store, so
+        // wrap this in an option.
+        #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+        let async_cx = if self.async_support() {
+            Some(self.async_cx())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        match self.limiter {
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Sync(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                Ok(limiter(&mut self.data).memory_growing(current, desired, maximum))
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Async(ref mut limiter)) => unsafe {
+                Ok(async_cx
+                    .expect("ResourceLimiterAsync requires async Store")
+                    .block_on(
+                        limiter(&mut self.data)
+                            .memory_growing(current, desired, maximum)
+                            .as_mut(),
+                    )?)
+            },
+            None => Ok(true),
+        }
     }
 
-    fn out_of_gas(&mut self) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, error: &anyhow::Error) {
+        match self.limiter {
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Sync(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                limiter(&mut self.data).memory_grow_failed(error)
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Async(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                limiter(&mut self.data).memory_grow_failed(error)
+            }
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn table_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: u32,
+        desired: u32,
+        maximum: Option<u32>,
+    ) -> Result<bool, anyhow::Error> {
+        // Need to borrow async_cx before the mut borrow of the limiter.
+        // self.async_cx() panicks when used with a non-async store, so
+        // wrap this in an option.
+        #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+        let async_cx = if self.async_support() {
+            Some(self.async_cx())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        match self.limiter {
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Sync(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                Ok(limiter(&mut self.data).table_growing(current, desired, maximum))
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Async(ref mut limiter)) => unsafe {
+                Ok(async_cx
+                    .expect("ResourceLimiterAsync requires async Store")
+                    .block_on(
+                        limiter(&mut self.data)
+                            .table_growing(current, desired, maximum)
+                            .as_mut(),
+                    )?)
+            },
+            None => Ok(true),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, error: &anyhow::Error) {
+        match self.limiter {
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Sync(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                limiter(&mut self.data).table_grow_failed(error)
+            }
+            #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+            Some(ResourceLimiterInner::Async(ref mut limiter)) => {
+                limiter(&mut self.data).table_grow_failed(error)
+            }
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn out_of_gas(&mut self) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
         return match &mut self.out_of_gas_behavior {
-            OutOfGas::Trap => Err(Box::new(OutOfGasError)),
+            OutOfGas::Trap => Err(anyhow::Error::new(OutOfGasError)),
             #[cfg(feature = "async")]
             OutOfGas::InjectFuel {
                 injection_count,
                 fuel_to_inject,
             } => {
                 if *injection_count == 0 {
-                    return Err(Box::new(OutOfGasError));
+                    return Err(anyhow::Error::new(OutOfGasError));
                 }
                 *injection_count -= 1;
                 let fuel = *fuel_to_inject;
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline.rs
index 4452d7b42a..c1f8038a5a 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use std::any::Any;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use wasmtime_environ::{EntityIndex, GlobalIndex, MemoryIndex, Module, TableIndex};
 use wasmtime_runtime::{
-    Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator, OnDemandInstanceAllocator,
+    Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator, OnDemandInstanceAllocator, StorePtr,
     VMFunctionImport, VMSharedSignatureIndex,
 };
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ fn create_handle(
                 imports,
                 shared_signatures: shared_signature_id.into(),
                 host_state,
-                store: Some(store.traitobj()),
+                store: StorePtr::new(store.traitobj()),
                 wasm_data: &[],
             },
         )?;
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline/func.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline/func.rs
index 5c2e2a1b84..fc217377be 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline/func.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/trampoline/func.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ use wasmtime_environ::{EntityIndex, Module, ModuleType, PrimaryMap, SignatureInd
 use wasmtime_jit::{CodeMemory, MmapVec};
 use wasmtime_runtime::{
     Imports, InstanceAllocationRequest, InstanceAllocator, InstanceHandle,
-    OnDemandInstanceAllocator, VMContext, VMFunctionBody, VMSharedSignatureIndex, VMTrampoline,
+    OnDemandInstanceAllocator, StorePtr, VMContext, VMFunctionBody, VMSharedSignatureIndex,
+    VMTrampoline,
 };
 
 struct TrampolineState<F> {
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ unsafe extern "C" fn stub_fn<F>(
         // call-site, which gets unwrapped in `Trap::from_runtime` later on as we
         // convert from the internal `Trap` type to our own `Trap` type in this
         // crate.
-        Ok(Err(trap)) => wasmtime_runtime::raise_user_trap(Box::new(trap)),
+        Ok(Err(trap)) => wasmtime_runtime::raise_user_trap(trap.into()),
 
         // And finally if the imported function panicked, then we trigger the
         // form of unwinding that's safe to jump over wasm code on all
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ pub unsafe fn create_raw_function(
             imports: Imports::default(),
             shared_signatures: sig.into(),
             host_state,
-            store: None,
+            store: StorePtr::empty(),
             wasm_data: &[],
         })?,
     )
diff --git a/crates/wasmtime/src/trap.rs b/crates/wasmtime/src/trap.rs
index 61da2dcce5..39f557dcf8 100644
--- a/crates/wasmtime/src/trap.rs
+++ b/crates/wasmtime/src/trap.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,10 @@ impl std::error::Error for Trap {
 
 impl From<anyhow::Error> for Trap {
     fn from(e: anyhow::Error) -> Trap {
-        Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from(e).into()
+        match e.downcast::<Trap>() {
+            Ok(trap) => trap,
+            Err(e) => Box::<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>::from(e).into(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/all/limits.rs b/tests/all/limits.rs
index c6490c05a8..1515197ff9 100644
--- a/tests/all/limits.rs
+++ b/tests/all/limits.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,12 @@ fn test_limits() -> Result<()> {
     let engine = Engine::default();
     let module = Module::new(
         &engine,
-        r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0) (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#,
+        r#"(module
+            (memory $m (export "m") 0)
+            (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc)
+            (func (export "grow") (param i32) (result i32)
+              (memory.grow $m (local.get 0)))
+           )"#,
     )?;
 
     let mut store = Store::new(
@@ -62,6 +67,118 @@ fn test_limits() -> Result<()> {
         );
     }
 
+    // Make a new store and instance to test memory grow through wasm
+    let mut store = Store::new(
+        &engine,
+        StoreLimitsBuilder::new()
+            .memory_size(10 * WASM_PAGE_SIZE)
+            .table_elements(5)
+            .build(),
+    );
+    store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
+    let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
+    let grow = instance.get_func(&mut store, "grow").unwrap();
+    let grow = grow.typed::<i32, i32, _>(&store).unwrap();
+
+    grow.call(&mut store, 3).unwrap();
+    grow.call(&mut store, 5).unwrap();
+    grow.call(&mut store, 2).unwrap();
+
+    // Wasm grow failure returns -1.
+    assert_eq!(grow.call(&mut store, 1).unwrap(), -1);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_limits_async() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0) (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#,
+    )?;
+
+    struct LimitsAsync {
+        memory_size: usize,
+        table_elements: u32,
+    }
+    #[async_trait::async_trait]
+    impl ResourceLimiterAsync for LimitsAsync {
+        async fn memory_growing(
+            &mut self,
+            _current: usize,
+            desired: usize,
+            _maximum: Option<usize>,
+        ) -> bool {
+            desired <= self.memory_size
+        }
+        async fn table_growing(
+            &mut self,
+            _current: u32,
+            desired: u32,
+            _maximum: Option<u32>,
+        ) -> bool {
+            desired <= self.table_elements
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(
+        &engine,
+        LimitsAsync {
+            memory_size: 10 * WASM_PAGE_SIZE,
+            table_elements: 5,
+        },
+    );
+
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+
+    let instance = Instance::new_async(&mut store, &module, &[]).await?;
+
+    // Test instance exports and host objects hitting the limit
+    for memory in std::array::IntoIter::new([
+        instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap(),
+        Memory::new_async(&mut store, MemoryType::new(0, None)).await?,
+    ]) {
+        memory.grow_async(&mut store, 3).await?;
+        memory.grow_async(&mut store, 5).await?;
+        memory.grow_async(&mut store, 2).await?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            memory
+                .grow_async(&mut store, 1)
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                .unwrap_err(),
+            "failed to grow memory by `1`"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Test instance exports and host objects hitting the limit
+    for table in std::array::IntoIter::new([
+        instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap(),
+        Table::new_async(
+            &mut store,
+            TableType::new(ValType::FuncRef, 0, None),
+            Val::FuncRef(None),
+        )
+        .await?,
+    ]) {
+        table.grow_async(&mut store, 2, Val::FuncRef(None)).await?;
+        table.grow_async(&mut store, 1, Val::FuncRef(None)).await?;
+        table.grow_async(&mut store, 2, Val::FuncRef(None)).await?;
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            table
+                .grow_async(&mut store, 1, Val::FuncRef(None))
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+                .unwrap_err(),
+            "failed to grow table by `1`"
+        );
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -300,14 +417,13 @@ impl ResourceLimiter for MemoryContext {
         self.wasm_memory_used = desired;
         true
     }
-
     fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
         true
     }
 }
 
 #[test]
-fn test_custom_limiter() -> Result<()> {
+fn test_custom_memory_limiter() -> Result<()> {
     let engine = Engine::default();
     let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
 
@@ -386,29 +502,221 @@ fn test_custom_limiter() -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct MemoryGrowFailureDetector {
-    /// Arguments of most recent call to memory_growing
-    current: usize,
-    desired: usize,
-    /// Display impl of most recent call to memory_grow_failed
-    error: Option<String>,
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl ResourceLimiterAsync for MemoryContext {
+    async fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: usize,
+        desired: usize,
+        maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Show we can await in this async context:
+        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
+        // Check if the desired exceeds a maximum (either from Wasm or from the host)
+        assert!(desired < maximum.unwrap_or(usize::MAX));
+
+        assert_eq!(current as usize, self.wasm_memory_used);
+        let desired = desired as usize;
+
+        if desired + self.host_memory_used > self.memory_limit {
+            self.limit_exceeded = true;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        self.wasm_memory_used = desired;
+        true
+    }
+    async fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, _e: &anyhow::Error) {}
 }
 
-impl ResourceLimiter for MemoryGrowFailureDetector {
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_custom_memory_limiter_async() -> Result<()> {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    // This approximates a function that would "allocate" resources that the host tracks.
+    // Here this is a simple function that increments the current host memory "used".
+    linker.func_wrap(
+        "",
+        "alloc",
+        |mut caller: Caller<'_, MemoryContext>, size: u32| -> u32 {
+            let mut ctx = caller.data_mut();
+            let size = size as usize;
+
+            if size + ctx.host_memory_used + ctx.wasm_memory_used <= ctx.memory_limit {
+                ctx.host_memory_used += size;
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            ctx.limit_exceeded = true;
+
+            0
+        },
+    )?;
+
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"(module (import "" "alloc" (func $alloc (param i32) (result i32))) (memory (export "m") 0) (func (export "f") (param i32) (result i32) local.get 0 call $alloc))"#,
+    )?;
+
+    let context = MemoryContext {
+        host_memory_used: 0,
+        wasm_memory_used: 0,
+        memory_limit: 1 << 20, // 16 wasm pages is the limit for both wasm + host memory
+        limit_exceeded: false,
+    };
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, context);
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await?;
+    let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory by 640 KiB
+    memory.grow_async(&mut store, 3).await?;
+    memory.grow_async(&mut store, 5).await?;
+    memory.grow_async(&mut store, 2).await?;
+
+    assert!(!store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    // Grow the host "memory" by 384 KiB
+    let f = instance.get_typed_func::<u32, u32, _>(&mut store, "f")?;
+
+    assert_eq!(f.call_async(&mut store, 1 * 0x10000).await?, 1);
+    assert_eq!(f.call_async(&mut store, 3 * 0x10000).await?, 1);
+    assert_eq!(f.call_async(&mut store, 2 * 0x10000).await?, 1);
+
+    // Memory is at the maximum, but the limit hasn't been exceeded
+    assert!(!store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    // Try to grow the memory again
+    assert_eq!(
+        memory
+            .grow_async(&mut store, 1)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            .unwrap_err(),
+        "failed to grow memory by `1`"
+    );
+
+    assert!(store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    // Try to grow the host "memory" again
+    assert_eq!(f.call_async(&mut store, 1).await?, 0);
+
+    assert!(store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    drop(store);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct TableContext {
+    elements_used: u32,
+    element_limit: u32,
+    limit_exceeded: bool,
+}
+
+impl ResourceLimiter for TableContext {
+    fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        _current: usize,
+        _desired: usize,
+        _maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        // Check if the desired exceeds a maximum (either from Wasm or from the host)
+        assert!(desired < maximum.unwrap_or(u32::MAX));
+        assert_eq!(current, self.elements_used);
+        if desired > self.element_limit {
+            self.limit_exceeded = true;
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            self.elements_used = desired;
+            true
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_custom_table_limiter() -> Result<()> {
+    let engine = Engine::default();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#)?;
+
+    let context = TableContext {
+        elements_used: 0,
+        element_limit: 10,
+        limit_exceeded: false,
+    };
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, context);
+    store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    let table = instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the table by 10 elements
+    table.grow(&mut store, 3, Val::FuncRef(None))?;
+    table.grow(&mut store, 5, Val::FuncRef(None))?;
+    table.grow(&mut store, 2, Val::FuncRef(None))?;
+
+    assert!(!store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    // Table is at the maximum, but the limit hasn't been exceeded
+    assert!(!store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    // Try to grow the memory again
+    assert_eq!(
+        table
+            .grow(&mut store, 1, Val::FuncRef(None))
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
+            .unwrap_err(),
+        "failed to grow table by `1`"
+    );
+
+    assert!(store.data().limit_exceeded);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct FailureDetector {
+    /// Arguments of most recent call to memory_growing
+    memory_current: usize,
+    memory_desired: usize,
+    /// Display impl of most recent call to memory_grow_failed
+    memory_error: Option<String>,
+    /// Arguments of most recent call to table_growing
+    table_current: u32,
+    table_desired: u32,
+    /// Display impl of most recent call to table_grow_failed
+    table_error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl ResourceLimiter for FailureDetector {
     fn memory_growing(&mut self, current: usize, desired: usize, _maximum: Option<usize>) -> bool {
-        self.current = current;
-        self.desired = desired;
+        self.memory_current = current;
+        self.memory_desired = desired;
         true
     }
-
     fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, err: &anyhow::Error) {
-        self.error = Some(err.to_string());
+        self.memory_error = Some(err.to_string());
     }
-
-    fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+    fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        self.table_current = current;
+        self.table_desired = desired;
         true
     }
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, err: &anyhow::Error) {
+        self.table_error = Some(err.to_string());
+    }
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -421,6 +729,7 @@ fn custom_limiter_detect_grow_failure() -> Result<()> {
         strategy: PoolingAllocationStrategy::NextAvailable,
         module_limits: ModuleLimits {
             memory_pages: 10,
+            table_elements: 10,
             ..Default::default()
         },
         instance_limits: InstanceLimits {
@@ -430,9 +739,12 @@ fn custom_limiter_detect_grow_failure() -> Result<()> {
     let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
     let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
 
-    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0))"#)?;
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0) (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#,
+    )?;
 
-    let context = MemoryGrowFailureDetector::default();
+    let context = FailureDetector::default();
 
     let mut store = Store::new(&engine, context);
     store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
@@ -442,25 +754,332 @@ fn custom_limiter_detect_grow_failure() -> Result<()> {
     // Grow the memory by 640 KiB (10 pages)
     memory.grow(&mut store, 10)?;
 
-    assert!(store.data().error.is_none());
-    assert_eq!(store.data().current, 0);
-    assert_eq!(store.data().desired, 10 * 64 * 1024);
+    assert!(store.data().memory_error.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_current, 0);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_desired, 10 * 64 * 1024);
 
     // Grow past the static limit set by ModuleLimits.
-    // The ResourcLimiter will permit this, but the grow will fail.
+    // The ResourceLimiter will permit this, but the grow will fail.
     assert_eq!(
         memory.grow(&mut store, 1).unwrap_err().to_string(),
         "failed to grow memory by `1`"
     );
 
-    assert_eq!(store.data().current, 10 * 64 * 1024);
-    assert_eq!(store.data().desired, 11 * 64 * 1024);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_current, 10 * 64 * 1024);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_desired, 11 * 64 * 1024);
     assert_eq!(
-        store.data().error.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        store.data().memory_error.as_ref().unwrap(),
         "Memory maximum size exceeded"
     );
 
+    let table = instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap();
+    // Grow the table 10 elements
+    table.grow(&mut store, 10, Val::FuncRef(None))?;
+
+    assert!(store.data().table_error.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_current, 0);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_desired, 10);
+
+    // Grow past the static limit set by ModuleLimits.
+    // The ResourceLimiter will permit this, but the grow will fail.
+    assert_eq!(
+        table
+            .grow(&mut store, 1, Val::FuncRef(None))
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string(),
+        "failed to grow table by `1`"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_current, 10);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_desired, 11);
+    assert_eq!(
+        store.data().table_error.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        "Table maximum size exceeded"
+    );
+
     drop(store);
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl ResourceLimiterAsync for FailureDetector {
+    async fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        current: usize,
+        desired: usize,
+        _maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Show we can await in this async context:
+        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
+        self.memory_current = current;
+        self.memory_desired = desired;
+        true
+    }
+    fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, err: &anyhow::Error) {
+        self.memory_error = Some(err.to_string());
+    }
+
+    async fn table_growing(&mut self, current: u32, desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        self.table_current = current;
+        self.table_desired = desired;
+        true
+    }
+    fn table_grow_failed(&mut self, err: &anyhow::Error) {
+        self.table_error = Some(err.to_string());
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn custom_limiter_async_detect_grow_failure() -> Result<()> {
+    if std::env::var("WASMTIME_TEST_NO_HOG_MEMORY").is_ok() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    config.allocation_strategy(InstanceAllocationStrategy::Pooling {
+        strategy: PoolingAllocationStrategy::NextAvailable,
+        module_limits: ModuleLimits {
+            memory_pages: 10,
+            table_elements: 10,
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+        instance_limits: InstanceLimits {
+            ..Default::default()
+        },
+    });
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0) (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#,
+    )?;
+
+    let context = FailureDetector::default();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, context);
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await?;
+    let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory by 640 KiB (10 pages)
+    memory.grow_async(&mut store, 10).await?;
+
+    assert!(store.data().memory_error.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_current, 0);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_desired, 10 * 64 * 1024);
+
+    // Grow past the static limit set by ModuleLimits.
+    // The ResourcLimiterAsync will permit this, but the grow will fail.
+    assert_eq!(
+        memory
+            .grow_async(&mut store, 1)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string(),
+        "failed to grow memory by `1`"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_current, 10 * 64 * 1024);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().memory_desired, 11 * 64 * 1024);
+    assert_eq!(
+        store.data().memory_error.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        "Memory maximum size exceeded"
+    );
+
+    let table = instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap();
+    // Grow the table 10 elements
+    table.grow_async(&mut store, 10, Val::FuncRef(None)).await?;
+
+    assert!(store.data().table_error.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_current, 0);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_desired, 10);
+
+    // Grow past the static limit set by ModuleLimits.
+    // The ResourceLimiter will permit this, but the grow will fail.
+    assert_eq!(
+        table
+            .grow_async(&mut store, 1, Val::FuncRef(None))
+            .await
+            .unwrap_err()
+            .to_string(),
+        "failed to grow table by `1`"
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_current, 10);
+    assert_eq!(store.data().table_desired, 11);
+    assert_eq!(
+        store.data().table_error.as_ref().unwrap(),
+        "Table maximum size exceeded"
+    );
+
+    drop(store);
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+struct Panic;
+
+impl ResourceLimiter for Panic {
+    fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        _current: usize,
+        _desired: usize,
+        _maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        panic!("resource limiter memory growing");
+    }
+    fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        panic!("resource limiter table growing");
+    }
+}
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl ResourceLimiterAsync for Panic {
+    async fn memory_growing(
+        &mut self,
+        _current: usize,
+        _desired: usize,
+        _maximum: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        panic!("async resource limiter memory growing");
+    }
+    async fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        panic!("async resource limiter table growing");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "resource limiter memory growing")]
+fn panic_in_memory_limiter() {
+    let engine = Engine::default();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0))"#).unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module).unwrap();
+    let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory, which should panic
+    memory.grow(&mut store, 3).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "resource limiter memory growing")]
+fn panic_in_memory_limiter_wasm_stack() {
+    // Like the test above, except the memory.grow happens in wasm code
+    // instead of a host function call.
+    let engine = Engine::default();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"
+    (module
+      (memory $m (export "m") 0)
+      (func (export "grow") (param i32) (result i32)
+        (memory.grow $m (local.get 0)))
+    )"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module).unwrap();
+    let grow = instance.get_func(&mut store, "grow").unwrap();
+    let grow = grow.typed::<i32, i32, _>(&store).unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory, which should panic
+    grow.call(&mut store, 3).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "resource limiter table growing")]
+fn panic_in_table_limiter() {
+    let engine = Engine::default();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#).unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiter);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module).unwrap();
+    let table = instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the table, which should panic
+    table.grow(&mut store, 3, Val::FuncRef(None)).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "async resource limiter memory growing")]
+async fn panic_in_async_memory_limiter() {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (memory (export "m") 0))"#).unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await.unwrap();
+    let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory, which should panic
+    memory.grow_async(&mut store, 3).await.unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "async resource limiter memory growing")]
+async fn panic_in_async_memory_limiter_wasm_stack() {
+    // Like the test above, except the memory.grow happens in
+    // wasm code instead of a host function call.
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &engine,
+        r#"
+    (module
+      (memory $m (export "m") 0)
+      (func (export "grow") (param i32) (result i32)
+        (memory.grow $m (local.get 0)))
+    )"#,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await.unwrap();
+    let grow = instance.get_func(&mut store, "grow").unwrap();
+    let grow = grow.typed::<i32, i32, _>(&store).unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the memory, which should panic
+    grow.call_async(&mut store, 3).await.unwrap();
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "async resource limiter table growing")]
+async fn panic_in_async_table_limiter() {
+    let mut config = Config::new();
+    config.async_support(true);
+    let engine = Engine::new(&config).unwrap();
+    let linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+
+    let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (table (export "t") 0 anyfunc))"#).unwrap();
+
+    let mut store = Store::new(&engine, Panic);
+    store.limiter_async(|s| s as &mut dyn ResourceLimiterAsync);
+    let instance = linker.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await.unwrap();
+    let table = instance.get_table(&mut store, "t").unwrap();
+
+    // Grow the table, which should panic
+    table
+        .grow_async(&mut store, 3, Val::FuncRef(None))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+}
diff --git a/tests/all/memory.rs b/tests/all/memory.rs
index e2d823508b..c212f50a5a 100644
--- a/tests/all/memory.rs
+++ b/tests/all/memory.rs
@@ -311,12 +311,16 @@ fn massive_64_bit_still_limited() -> Result<()> {
     }
 
     impl ResourceLimiter for MyLimiter {
-        fn memory_growing(&mut self, _request: usize, _min: usize, _max: Option<usize>) -> bool {
+        fn memory_growing(
+            &mut self,
+            _current: usize,
+            _request: usize,
+            _max: Option<usize>,
+        ) -> bool {
             self.hit = true;
             true
         }
-
-        fn table_growing(&mut self, _request: u32, _min: u32, _max: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _request: u32, _max: Option<u32>) -> bool {
             unreachable!()
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/rlimited-memory.rs b/tests/rlimited-memory.rs
index 2d64a6edef..5acc2f5d8f 100644
--- a/tests/rlimited-memory.rs
+++ b/tests/rlimited-memory.rs
@@ -18,11 +18,9 @@ impl ResourceLimiter for MemoryGrowFailureDetector {
         self.desired = desired;
         true
     }
-
     fn memory_grow_failed(&mut self, err: &anyhow::Error) {
         self.error = Some(err.to_string());
     }
-
     fn table_growing(&mut self, _current: u32, _desired: u32, _maximum: Option<u32>) -> bool {
         true
     }